income differentials
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2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-107
Author(s):  
Christian Olaf Christiansen

This article is a history of postwar discourse on an unequal world. This discourse was profoundly shaped by new influences: quantitative data and an expanding inequality research infrastructure, the “birth of development,” decolonization, human rights, the global Cold War, and theories of the world as one integrated global system. Examining academic journal articles written in English, this article traces the emergence of global inequality in the aftermath of the World Food Crisis of 1972–1975. Originally, global inequality was as much about power as about income differentials, mainly referring to multiple inequalities between the so-called Third World and the First. However, even as the late 1960s and the 1970s saw an increased politicization of the discourse on an unequal world, global inequality did not become a key concept in the 1970s.


FEDS Notes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3012) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl Larsen ◽  
◽  
Raven Molloy ◽  

Large and growing income differentials in the US have generated a mounting interest in income inequality among economists. The average income in the highest quintile of households increased by about 70 percent in real terms from 1985 to 2019, whereas the average income of the lowest quintile only increased by 20 percent during this period (Semega et al. 2020).


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 210-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicitas Nowak-Lehmann ◽  
Adriana Cardozo ◽  
Inmaculada Martínez-Zarzoso

This study analyzes the determinants of both total migration and asylum migration to Germany. For the analysis, a comprehensive empirical model is set up that includes climate change, economic opportunities, such as per capita income differentials, links to Germany, home country characteristics (population growth, poverty, consumer confidence, unemployment), the political and institutional situation in the sending countries (measured by internal and external conflict, ethnic and religious tensions, government stability, law and order, military in politics), and a control for migration opportunities to alternative destinations. Panel data techniques (Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood) for the estimation of the parameters of interest are employed using a panel of 115 (134) origin countries for asylum migration (total migration) over the period of 1996–2017 or 2001–2017, depending on data availability. The analysis reveals that political, socioeconomic, and economic factors determine both total migration and asylum migration. Economic factors are also determinants of asylum applications, as asylum seekers most often come for several reasons. Poverty plays a distinct role in total migration and asylum migration. An alleviation of poverty in origin countries is associated with less overall migration to Germany but with more asylum migration. Increases in average temperature also impact asylum migration in the expected direction, thus, increasing forced migration. The most interesting findings are revealed when considering country groupings (main migration countries, major asylum countries, countries whose asylum applicants enjoy high, intermediate, or low recognition rates).


Author(s):  
Jia Qi Cheong ◽  
Suresh Narayanan

Studies related to distribution of income is very important for national development as it is related to efforts also to reducing the gender earnings disparity. Women have overcome many challenges within the labour market, but gender income differentials still persist in Malaysia. As reducing the gender income differentials is one of the ingredients for sustained economic growth, this article examines the gender income distribution in several submarkets within the Malaysian labour market and discusses some initiatives aimed at reducing income disparities therein Keywords: Differentials; Gender; Income; Labour, Malaysia


Author(s):  
Jia Qi Cheong ◽  
Suresh Narayanan

Studies related to distribution of income is very important for national development as it is related to efforts also to reducing the gender earnings disparity. Women have overcome many challenges within the labour market, but gender income differentials still persist in Malaysia. As reducing the gender income differentials is one of the ingredients for sustained economic growth, this article examines the gender income distribution in several submarkets within the Malaysian labour market and discusses some initiatives aimed at reducing income disparities therein Keywords: Differentials; Gender; Income; Labour, Malaysia


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Zechariahs Benapugha Owutuamor ◽  
Inibehe George Ukpong

This study was carried out across Bayelsa State on the comparative analysis of income differentials between men and women in rural and urban households, to examine the level of income earned by women relative to that of men in rural homes and in urban/semi-urban homes, as well as make a comparative analysis between both. Structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data, using a modified multistage random sampling procedure, from each of 160 rural and urban homes, giving a total of 320 respondents across the eight local government areas (LGAs) in the state. Descriptive statistics, in the form of ranges, averages, totals and percentages were used to analyze data. Findings revealed that women earn an average of N708,335.00 in rural homes and N932,612.87 in urban homes, while men on the average, earn N1,234,828.13 and N1,406,031.25 in rural and urban homes respectively. Conclusively, across homes in Bayelsa State, men generally, with an average proportion of about 62%, earn more than women with 38%; Similarly, across the state, men in rural homes earn an average of 63.5% compared to women who earn 36.5%; while in urban Bayelsa, the proportions are 60% and 40% for men and women respectively. Thus, indicating that rural women earn less than urban women in both value and proportion, while rural men earn lower income but higher proportion of the total household income than urban men.


Author(s):  
Michael Pammer

Income Growth and Distribution. This chapter describes economic growth and the distribution of income and wealth. Data on income are available from the last years of the 19th century onwards, whereas data on wealth are available for the entire century. Of all the Austrian lands, Lower Austria had the highest productivity, the earliest shift from agriculture to other sectors, and the largest wealth. It is a prime example of regions where the income distribution tends to widen from the beginnings of modern economic growth onwards. From the turn of the century on, however, the distribution tends to narrow again. The main reason for these changes lies in the differences in distribution structures between agriculture and the other sectors. Changes in income differentials between branches, or groups in the vertical order of branches, have less impact. The same pattern (growing inequality when a region is more developed) is also visible in synchronous comparisons between regions in different stages of economic development.


There are considerable variations in the extent to which growth has improved the position of the poor. In all cases except one the incomes of the poorest have improved over the periods for which data on distribution are available. However, in all cases there is some evidence that inequality has tended to increase. The relative importance of mineral production appears to be associated with higher levels of inequality. An important question for mineral-exporting countries is how to ensure that national mineral wealth is used to support pro-poor investment. In view of the observed tendency for decreases in the relative importance of agriculture to exacerbate income differentials, some pro-poor policy interventions are required to redress the balance.


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