moisture extraction
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2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Ayyoub M. Momen ◽  
Viral K. Patel ◽  
Kyle R. Gluesenkamp ◽  
Donald Erdman ◽  
James Kiggans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
A Singh ◽  
Jahar Sarkar ◽  
Rashmi Sahoo

Abstract A solar-assisted heat pump dryer is fabricated for intermittent drying. The experiment is performed for different intermittency ratios for radish drying using future refrigerant R1234yf. The effects of total drying time (on-period + off-period) on various energetic, exergetic, and economic performances are investigated. Radish chips were dried to extract moisture from 92.4% to 11.9%. Energy efficiency and drying efficiency are estimated higher for a lower intermittency ratio. The moisture extraction rate and specific moisture extraction rate are higher for intermittent drying as compared to continuous drying and increase with a decrease in intermittency ratio. The economic analysis concludes that the payback period is lower for a lower intermittency ratio. The payback period for intermittency ratio of 1, 0.66, 0.33 and 0.2 are estimated as 1.617 years, 1.459 years, 1.384 years, and 1.347 years, respectively. Present experimental thermo-economic analysis reveals that intermittent drying is much better (maximum enhancement of specific moisture extraction rate is 60.6%, that of energy efficiency is 56.4% and maximum reduction of drying cost is 37.9% with studied conditions) than continuous drying.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9455
Author(s):  
Ankita Bhowmik ◽  
Shantanu Bhunia ◽  
Anupam Debsarkar ◽  
Rambilash Mallick ◽  
Malancha Roy ◽  
...  

Organic wastes of rural slaughterhouses in developing countries comprise of blood and undigested rumen contents harboring infectious microbial pathogens and having impermissible BOD5 and COD values. Previously we demonstrated valorization of blood and rumen contents through drying and conversion to an efficacious organic fertilizer which was free from infectious pathogens and heavy metals. Here we describe fabrication of a novel helical-ribbon mixer dryer for transition from the current small-scale household cooking to equipment-driven sustainable production. Blood and rumen digesta mixed in a 3:1 ratio, having initial moisture of 85%, were dried at 90–110 °C for 3–4 h to attain 15.6% final moisture-containing organic fertilizer. Energy consumption and moisture extraction rate were 49.4 MJ per batch and 18.9 kg h−1 respectively. Using this method, small abattoir owners could emerge as multi-product producers to enhance earnings while farmers could source the fertilizer locally for organic farming. The two activities can be complementary to each other and become a sustainable circular economy model. We applied a spreadsheet-based model for calculation of cash flow, breakeven point and conducted financial cost–benefit analysis on the projected operation of the dryer. Fertilizer production parallel with the meat trade should be profitable for slaughterhouse owners and farmers apart from generating local employment opportunities.


Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1216
Author(s):  
Kai-Shing Yang ◽  
Khalid Hamid ◽  
Shih-Kuo Wu ◽  
Uzair Sajjad ◽  
Chi-Chuan Wang

This study examines the performance of three heat pump dryers: the original reference design, a modified drying chamber, and an external desiccant wheel design. Unlike most existing studies that normally adopt organic products as the drying materials, in this study we used moist sodium polyacrylate (Orbeez) as the drying material for consistent characterization of the heat pump performance. R-134a was adopted as the refrigerant for the heat pump system. The experiments were performed subject to different weights of Orbeez (drying material) at a constant volumetric flow rate of 100 m3/h. During experimentation, different parameters like the coefficient of performance (COPHP), drying rate, heat transfer rate by the condenser, moisture extraction rate, and specific moisture extraction rate were calculated. The average COPHP, mass transfer rate, heat transfer rate, MER, and SMER of the system were calculated as 3.9, 0.30 kg/s, 0.56 kW, 0.495 kg/h, and 1.614 kg/kWh, respectively. The maximum COP for the refrigeration system was achieved at lower test loads with the desiccant wheel. The moisture extraction rate for a lower test loading was higher than that for a higher test load due to the higher penetration of drying air at the lower test load, although the maximum test load showed the maximum relative humidity at the dryer outlet. The desiccant wheel showed good performance in terms of moisture extraction rate and COPHP, but it showed poor performance in terms of the specific moisture extraction rate due to the high power consumption (around 2.6 kW) of the desiccant dehumidifier. The moisture extraction rate (MER) for all designs increased to a maximum value, followed by consistent decline. However, the maximum MER for the desiccant design exceeded those for the other designs.


2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 810-816
Author(s):  
Wan Nurlaila Mat Desa ◽  
Ahmad Fudholi ◽  
Henny Sudibyo ◽  
Ghalya Pikra ◽  
Nugrahaning Sani Dewi ◽  
...  

In this study, a greenhouse solar dryer with double-pass multi-hollow collector for leaf drying was design, constructed, and evaluated. From the result, the double pass solar air collector with multi-hollow tube is capable of increasing air temperature by 5.5℃-10.8℃ compared to ambient air temperature. Thermal efficiency of the dryer was evaluated for passive and active modes, where 47.2% and 50% are recorded respectively. The moisture reduction on mass basis in passive and active dryer recorded was 44% and 74%, respectively. The specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) and specific energy consumption (SEC) of passive dryer was determined to be 0.198 kg per kWh and 5.047 kWh per kg, and active dryer at 0.210 kg per kWh and 4.769 kWh per kg, respectively.


2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-425
Author(s):  
Ismael Kilinya Mayanja ◽  
Michael C Coates ◽  
Franz Niederholzer ◽  
Irwin R Donis-González

HighlightsAlmonds are conventionally sun-dried on the orchard floor. Collection and removal of dried nuts from the orchard generates significant dust.Almonds were dried on-farm directly from the almond tree eliminating field drying.SHAD dryer uses a combination of heated and ambient air to dry almonds in a stockpile.The dryer has a SMER of 0.64 kg/kWh, MER of 1.02 kg/h, and COP of 1.33.Abstract. Dust generated by farming activities is a safety hazard to farmworkers and an environmental contaminant. During the almond (Prunus dulcis) harvest in California, dust is primarily generated by the mechanized movement of almonds disturbing the bare soil of the orchard floor, during the sun-drying, windrowing process, and as they are transferred into trucks for transport to processing facilities. Off-ground dust-less harvesting will only be achieved when the almond industry adopts feasible mechanical drying methods. Therefore, a stockpile heated and ambient air dryer (SHAD) was developed to determine the feasibility of dehydrating almonds (Var. ‘Monterey’). A stockpile containing 4,155 kg of almonds was created and almonds were dehydrated from their initial 12.6% almond kernel dry-basis moisture content (MCdb) to final MCdb of 6.04%. Drying was achieved as a combination of heated air at a temperature of 55°C in the drying plenum with airflow of 0.078 m3/s per m3 of fresh almonds. After drying, almond quality parameters were measured, including damage by molds or decay, insect injury, and presence of internal cavities. Drying energy consumption, cost, and performance indicators were also determined. The differences in MCdb between the bottom, middle, and top layers of the almond stockpile were significant (p = 0.05). Post-hoc Tuckey test was conducted which indicated that the MCdb in the top layer was significantly lower than almond MCdb in the middle and bottom layers. Results showed that damage by molds or decay, insect injury, and internal cavities were 1.81%, 0%, and 1.77%, respectively, after drying. Therefore, the overall almond quality was not compromised. The drying process cost $11.65 per tonne of the initial weight of almonds with a Specific Moisture Extraction Rate (SMER) of 0.64 kg/kWh, Moisture Extraction Rate (MER) of 1.02 kg/h, and a Coefficient of Performance (COP) of 1.33. Comparison with other dryers in the literature shows that SMER and MER were within limits. However, a low COP was observed. Keywords: Dust, Energy, Postharvest, Stockpile drying, Tree nut.s


Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6333
Author(s):  
Arley Salazar-Hincapié ◽  
Alvaro Delgado-Mejía ◽  
Andrés Felipe Romero-Maya ◽  
Eduardo Duque-Grisales

The current study shows an empirical analysis to establish the effects of the variations in compressor discharge pressure on the drying performance of aromatic herbs, in terms of the coefficient of performance (CoP), moisture content (MC), specific moisture extraction rate (SMER), drying temperature, drying time and energy consumption. In conducting the research, a heat pump drying system was utilized as a mechanism for dehydrating herbs, seeds, and fruits. It was used thanks to its benefits like higher efficiency and its low power consumption. Three levels of discharge pressure were considered, 1380 kPa, 1100 kPa, and 827 kPa, using 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) as a refrigerant and oregano leaves as the main product. The findings show that, concerning the same oregano moisture sample, the lower the compressor discharge pressure, the lower drying temperature, also, the higher drying time was obtained. Despite the fact that the CoP decreased with the compressor discharge pressure, in comparison with the baseline case, it remained essentially the same for the other two cases.


Author(s):  
Xiao-Mei Huang ◽  
Lian-Sen Xiong ◽  
Yan-Wen Zheng ◽  
Hui-Qing Liu ◽  
Yi-Zhen Xu ◽  
...  

Abstract The moisture extraction rate (MER) and energy efficiency of domestic gas clothes dryers, heat-pump clothes dryers and electric clothes dryers were assessed. The assessment was performed with regard to five indices: the MER, specific MER, specific thermal energy consumption for dehumidification (mSPC), energy efficiency (ηt) and primary energy efficiency (η1). The effects of the dry mass of clothes (mBD) and the ambient temperature on the performance of the clothes dryers were evaluated. The experiments were divided into two parts. In the first part, the ambient temperature was 20°C, and mBD was set as 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 6 kg. In the second part, mBD was 3.5 kg, and the performance of the dryers was tested at ambient temperatures of 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 and 20°C. The experimental results indicated that the gas dryer had the highest MER the heat-pump dryer had the best performance with regard to energy conservation and all three types of dryers had a higher MER and energy efficiency when the ambient temperature increased. The performance of the gas dryer was lower than that of heat-pump dryer when the temperature was 20°C. But when the temperature was < 9.5°C, the primary energy efficiency of the gas dryer was higher than that of the heat-pump dryer.


Author(s):  
R. Hasibuan ◽  
M Yahya ◽  
H. Fahmi ◽  
Edison Edison

<p>This study evaluated the performances of solar assisted heat pump dryer (SAHPD) and heat pump dryer (HPD) for drying of <em>Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb</em>. The HPD and SAHPD reduced mass of <em>Curcuma</em> from 30.70 kg to 7.85 kg needed 10.5 hours and 8 hours with average temperature and relative humidity 49.2oC and 26.5%, and 57.7oC and 19.8%, for SD and SAHPD respectively. The moisture of Curcuma dried from 3.167 db to 0.065 db with an air mass flow rate of 0.121 kg/s. The SAHPD reduced the drying time about 24% compared to HPD. The drying rate and the specific energy consumption were calculated in an average 1.05 kg/h and 1.36kg/h, and 1.17kWh/kg and 2.07kWh/kg for HPD and SAHPD, respectively. The specific moisture extraction rate and the dryer thermal efficiency were calculated in an average 0.931 kg/kWh and 0.521 kg/kWh, and 61.0% and 34.3% for HPD and SAHPD, respectively. Whereas, the pickup efficiency and the coefficient of performance of the heat pump were calculated in an average 57.5% and 59.2%, and 4.03and 4.35 for HPD and SAHPD, respectively. The SAHPD is capable of drying <em>Curcuma</em> quickly because of the high pickup efficiency and high drying rate.</p>


2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (23-24) ◽  
pp. 2674-2689
Author(s):  
Xinchen Yu ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Xuemei Ding

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of drying parameters on drying performance in an air-vented tumble dryer, and to optimize its drying performance by adjusting parameters. The critical drying parameters that influenced specific moisture extraction rate (SMER), final moisture content, evenness of drying, and smoothness appearance were determined by the analysis of variance in JMP software, which were rotational speed of the motor and load size, with clearly significant individual effects and binary interactions. In order to improve the applicability of the outcomes obtained in this study and to take into account the interactions between drying parameters and drum structure parameters on drying efficiency, non-dimensional analysis was used and the correlation between drying efficiency and dimensionless variables was studied. The Buckingham Pi theorem was applied to the problem to derive dimensionless Pi terms upon which the drying efficiency depends. A step regression analysis was then conducted to test the assumption that SMER was influenced by the dimensionless parameters based on the standard least squares fitting. Results indicated that the regression model showed an explanatory power of 73.8%. By adjusting the dimensionless parameters in the model, an optimized energy-saving drying program was obtained with the desirability goal of reducing the value of SMER. Compared with the original program, energy efficiency was improved by 32.4%.


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