light verb
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2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-598
Author(s):  
Natalia Vladimirovna Kondratieva ◽  
Zsuzsannа Salánki

On the one hand, code switching as a linguistic phenomenon is a speaker’s transition from one language to another in the process of verbal communication, depending on the conditions of communication; on the other hand, it is the interaction of structures and structural elements of two languages. Its implementation in speech is due to a number of reasons: extralinguistic (external), intralinguistic (linguistic proper), psycho-physiological. The main purpose of this article is to identify the structural types as well as lexical and semantic characteristics of code switching, based on verb forms in the speech of native Udmurt speakers in the context of Udmurt-Russian bilingualism. In the course of the study, it was found that, in contrast to the nominal parts of speech, verbs are less susceptible to the phenomenon of code-switching. The matrix (Udmurt) language is characterized by three types of inclusion of verb forms from the donor language: a) the use of an auxiliary verb (light verb strategy); b) indirect insertion, characterized by the attachment of special morphological markers; c) semantic borrowing. In terms of lexical and semantic characteristics, the phenomenon of code switching in the context of Udmurt-Russian bilingualism is most typical of verbal units reflecting the practical and spiritual (mental, emotional, volitional) activities of people. This proves the important role of the psycho-physiological factor in the emergence of switching codes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-324
Author(s):  
Andrew Merritt
Keyword(s):  

Abstract Though καλύπτω ‘cover’ is normally and correctly associated with *√ḱel- ‘cover’, the origin of the entire base καλυφ- remains unclear. The basis of clarification consists in an appreciation of the formally resemblant s-stem κέλῡφος, whose meaning ‘sheath, case, shell, husk, pod’ has invited comparison. The author therefore hypothesizes that the bases καλυφ- and κελῡφ- include related layers of nominal material. Starting from an originally adnominal *ḱel-ó- (> OIr. cel ‘death’), the author reconstructs the u-stem substantive *ḱó/él-u- ‘covering’, for which the evidence of Proto-Germanic *χlewa- ‘shelter’ and Greek κολεόν ‘sheath’ is adduced. The element in -φ- is then argued to reflect a nominalized form of *√bʰuhx- ‘become’ qua light verb of an anti-causative periphrasis whose originally acrostatic heavy member *ḱó/él-u- was employed as a predicative instrumental *ḱéluh₁ eventually fossilized as an indeclinable adnominal eligible for use as a First Compound Member (FCM) (> κέλῡφος). By comparison to the allomorphically archaic πόλις ‘city’ (gen. πόληος), the author finally argues for the paradigmatic renewal of *ḱó/él-u- (> > *ḱól-u- : ḱl̥-u̯- : ḱl̥l-éu̯) and the eligibility of its weak stem as first member of a compound from which was formed the *-i̯e/o- present ancestral to καλύπτω.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-156
Author(s):  
Jens Fleischhauer ◽  
Stefan Hartmann

Abstract This paper takes a data-driven perspective on the grammaticalization of German light verb constructions (LVCs) with kommen ‘come’. LVCs are complex predicates consisting of a semantically light verb and an eventive noun realized within a phrasal complement, e.g. German zur Vollendung kommen, lit. ‘come into completion’. We assume that (at least) two different processes interact in the emergence of LVCs: the desemanticization of the verb on the one hand and the realization of eventive nouns in the complement-PP of the verb on the other. In order to check whether these processes take place in parallel or if one precedes the other, we conduct a corpus study based on samples from the Reference Corpus of Middle High German (REM) and the Bonn Early New High German Corpus (FnhdC), focusing on the animacy and concreteness of the subject NPs and the PP-internal nouns. Our results indicate that we can first observe an increase in the use of abstract nouns in subject position and that only later – from Middle High German to Early New High German – eventive nouns in PP-internal position become more frequent.


Author(s):  
Ф. Кострцева

Постановка задачи. В предлагаемой статье рассматривается немецкий язык как иностранный и профессиональный язык с контрастивно-лингвистической точки зрения. При этом основное внимание выбранного билингвального сравнения языков уделяется немецкому и корейскому языкам. Специализированные языковые структуры в этих двух языках подвергаются анализу на основе формирования и использования устойчивых глагольно-именных словосочетаний. Также рассматривается вопрос о семантической производительности устойчивых глагольно-именных словосочетаний. Что касается посредничества профессионального языка, то здесь выявляются различия между общеупотребительным и профессиональным языками, а также наблюдается усиление устного профессионального общения. Statement of the problem. The following article focuses on the area of German as a foreign and technical language and is examined by choosing a contrastive perspective. The focus of the selected bilingual approach is on the German and Korean languages. The technical structures of the two languages are analyzed on the basis of the formation and use of light verb constructions. The issue of the semantic performance of light verb constructions is also investigated. With regard to the teaching of languages for special purposes (technical languages) the main differences between general and technical languages are worked out connected with a plea for a consideration of spoken technical communication.


2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-206
Author(s):  
Pegah Faghiri ◽  
Pollet Samvelian

Abstract This paper presents a corpus-based description of cleft constructions in Persian showing that they display more diversity and complexity than currently described in the literature. Previous studies have only focused on constructions that echo one of the three main classes of clefts (IT-clefts, pseudoclefts and reversed pseudoclefts), and generally use Persian data in parallel to their English counterparts in order to contribute to the ongoing theoretical debates on the analysis of clefts. In order to achieve a more accurate picture of Persian clefts, we annotated and studied cleft and cleft-like sentences in a sample of about 550 relative clauses extracted from a journalistic corpus. Our study revealed new categories of cleft constructions that have not been reported previously; in particular, the lexically headed pseudoclefts whose usage is straightforwardly linked to the abundance of noun-verb light verb constructions in Persian. Moreover, we take issue with some claims made in prior work on the nature of the demonstrative in Persian IT-clefts based on empirical arguments.


Author(s):  
Ф. Кострцева

Постановка задачи. В предлагаемой статье рассматривается немецкий язык как иностранный и профессиональный язык с контрастивно-лингвистической точки зрения. При этом основное внимание выбранного билингвального сравнения языков уделяется немецкому и корейскому языкам. Специализированные языковые структуры в этих двух языках подвергаются анализу на основе формирования и использования устойчивых глагольно-именных словосочетаний. Также рассматривается вопрос о семантической производительности устойчивых глагольно-именных словосочетаний. Что касается посредничества профессионального языка, то здесь выявляются различия между общеупотребительным и профессиональным языками, а также наблюдается усиление устного профессионального общения. Statement of the problem. The following article focuses on the area of German as a foreign and technical language and is examined by choosing a contrastive perspective. The focus of the selected bilingual approach is on the German and Korean languages. The technical structures of the two languages are analyzed on the basis of the formation and use of light verb constructions. The issue of the semantic performance of light verb constructions is also investigated. With regard to the teaching of languages for special purposes (technical languages) the main differences between general and technical languages are worked out connected with a plea for a consideration of spoken technical communication.


Author(s):  
John Charles Smith

This paper compares and contrasts the forms and usage of the verb ‘have’ in different varieties of English and Romance. ‘Have’ may serve as a verb of possession, a perfect auxiliary, a deontic modal, and a presentative in both English and Romance. However, its English uses as an epistemic modal, as a dynamic light verb, and as a causative have no counterparts in Romance, whilst the ‘double perfect’ of many Romance varieties is absent from English. Although restricted to certain varieties, parallels may be noted between English and some Romance languages (dissociation of auxiliary and possessive ‘have’; progressive loss of past participle agreement and of the competing auxiliary ‘be’ in the perfect; apparent ‘aoristic drift’). The paper concludes by discussing the significance of the data for the distinction between main verbs and auxiliaries; the status of ‘have’, particularly as a verb of possession; and the nature of grammaticalization.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Zhao

Abstract The Mandarin bǎ-construction has been one of the most well studied subjects in Chinese grammar. Although the previous studies have achieved some exciting results, the exact nature of bǎ and the syntactic derivation of the bǎ-construction remain largely controversial. The current paper constitutes an attempt to clarify the two issues under the minimalist framework. In particular, while keeping in line with the little v analysis of bǎ proposed by Sybesma 1999; Lin 2001 among others, I argue that there is a Middle applicative projection (an affected applicative) between V and v; the bǎ-NP is formed by a movement of VP-internal arguments to Spec.ApplPmid, which can optionally be occupied by gěi, and it gets an accusative Case from bǎ in v. With this analysis, we can better account for the core syntactic and semantic properties of bǎ-constructions. Furthermore, I will show that the proposed applicative approach has some interesting consequences for Taiwanese ka-constructions, a near counterpart of Mandarin bǎ-constructions. Finally, I will compare bǎ-constructions to languages with differential object marking in arguing that Mandarin uses a special strategy – light verb marking to mark the specific/affected objects.


2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Sook Beng Ong ◽  
Hajar Abdul Rahim

Abstract This study investigated nativised structural patterns of light verb constructions (LVCs) in Malaysian English using a corpus-based, descriptive approach to analyse grammatical innovations. To facilitate the analysis, a 100-million-word general corpus comprising threads from Lowyat.Net, a popular Internet forum in Malaysia, was created, and the British National Corpus (BNC) was used as the reference corpus. Using the Sketch Engine corpus tool, the three most frequently occurring make LVCs in the Malaysian English corpus were identified. The data was analysed to reveal the differences between the structures of make LVC in Malaysian English and its prototypical structure. The findings show that besides the non-isomorphic deverbal noun form, make LVCs in Malaysian English prefer taking the basic constituents of an LVC. Nativised LVCs are essentially those with zero articles and isomorphic deverbal nouns taking definite articles, determiners, and descriptive adjectives in their modifier slots. The zero article LVC is the most common nativised structure pattern due to the influence of substrate languages in Malaysian English.


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