surplus labor
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2021 ◽  
pp. 048661342110349
Author(s):  
Soumik Sarkar ◽  
Anjan Chakrabarti

Using the methodology of overdetermination, class process of surplus labor as the entry point and socially determined need of food security, we deliver an alternative class-focused rendition of the public distribution system (PDS) in India. We first surmise our theoretical framework to infer that the overdetermined and contradictory relation of class and social needs matter for PDS. Beyond the reasoning of being pro-poor, fair, or wasteful, we deploy this framework to reinterpret the formation of Indian PDS in the 1960s. Its demonstration requires revisiting the historical condition that shaped capital’s passive revolution through the post-independence Indian state and its subsequent crisis arising out of the contradictions and conflicts in the class-need space. We argue that PDS signals a case of success and not failure of capitalism.


Author(s):  
Filomeno V. Aguilar

Abstract In his response to my review of his book, Ulbe Bosma reiterates that high demographic growth and the consequent abundance of surplus labor as well as local systems of labor control were important factors in the peripheralization of Island Southeast Asia. Colonialism itself, he argues, is not responsible for the making of a periphery.


Author(s):  
Ashrulochan Sahoo ◽  
Ghulam Mehdi Dar

The 21st century is witnessing immense achievements in human history, starting from home science to space science. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a salient one among these feats, the critical factor of the 4th industrial revolution. Health is the primary and essential asset for the continuity of human civilization on this planet. Not only must we address the deadly existing diseases like Cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer's, heart diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, etc., but on top of that, we must effectively predict, prevent and respond to potential pathogens capable of causing havoc like the recent outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2. AI-enabled technology with the computational capacity of a computer and reasoning ability of humans saves surplus labor and time that is majorly consumed in target validation, lead optimization, molecular representation, and designing reaction pathways, which traditionally is a decade-long way of searching, visualizing, studying, imagining, experimenting and maintaining a ton of data. This article would focus on how AI will help find the drug-like properties in the compound screening phase predicting the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) and ADMET properties in lead identification and optimization phases, sustainable development of chemicals in the synthesis phases up to AI's assistance in the successful conduct of clinical trials and repurposing.


2021 ◽  
pp. 10-24
Author(s):  
Jonathan A. Noyalas

This chapter offers an overview of slavery in the Shenandoah Valley from the moment the first enslaved people reportedly arrived in 1727. Slavery’s importance steadily increased in the region from the era of the American Revolution, spurred in part by demand for hemp during the American Revolution, through the 1850s. Furthermore, chapter one examines the practice of enslavers renting surplus labor, various forms of resistance enslaved people employed in the Shenandoah Valley in the decades leading up to the Civil War, how enslavers attempted to subdue that resistance, and how enslaved people who escaped to points north carved out a new life for themselves. Examinations of these various elements reveals that although slavery might have superficially looked somewhat different in the Shenandoah Valley—enslavers working alongside those whom they enslaved or enslaved people not comprising as much of the total population as in areas where large plantations dominated the landscape—the experiences of enslaved people on an individual level did not differ at all from other areas. The Valley’s enslaved still suffered abuse, both physical and emotional, and desired freedom.


Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 314
Author(s):  
Qianxi Zhang ◽  
Zehui Chen ◽  
Fei Li

Agricultural development is facing two problems: insufficient grain production and low profit of farmers. There is a contradiction between the government’s goal of increasing production and the farmer’s goal of increasing profit. Exploring the appropriate management scale of farmland under different objectives is of great significance to alleviate the conflict of interests between the government and farmers. In this study the Cobb-Douglas production function model was used to measure the appropriate management scale of farmland under different objectives in Shaanxi Province and analyze the regional differences. Under the two objectives, the appropriate management scale of the Loess Plateau was the largest in the three regions, followed by Qinba Mountains and Guanzhong Plain. Farmland area and quality were the main influencing factors for the appropriate management scale of farmland under the goal of maximizing the farmland yield, while the nonagricultural employment rate and farmland transfer rate were the main influencing factors under the goal of maximizing farmers’ profits. It is easy for Shaanxi Province to increase farmers’ profits, but more land needed to be transferred to increase farmland yield. These results suggest that in order to balance the goal of increasing yield and profit, the transfer of rural surplus labor should be promoted, and the nonagricultural employment rate should be improved. In Loess Plateau, restoring the ecological environment and enhancing the farmland quality. In Guanzhong Plain, avoiding urban land encroachment on farmland. In Qinba Mountains, developing farming techniques and moderately increasing the intensity of farmland exploit.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Genevieve Vaughan

I offer the conjecture that unilateral maternal provisioning constitutes a basic economic model for all with implications and a logic of its own. Market exchange is a derivative of this model, which contradicts it and creates its own area of life. The two models interact without our awareness because we have not taken unilateral gifting seriously. Renaming exploitation as the taking of unilateral gifts reveals another way to connect the dots between unwaged housework, surplus labor and ‘nature services’, and these are also connected to colonialism, corporate globalization and ecological devastation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-33
Author(s):  
Bogdan Ilić ◽  
Svetlana Tasić

The appropriation of surplus products during the development of economic relations takes various forms, but basically it represents the exploitation of someone else's labor, whether that surplus labor is appropriated through kuluks (labor), in finished products (in-kind) or at a later stage of society's development in money. Hence the different names for the forms of alienation of surplus labor, such as: labor rent, natural rent and cash rent. Countries in transition, as well as those underdeveloped countries, are characterized by the collapse of large-scale commodity production and follow the development of crafts and small-scale commodity production, as well as the initial accumulation of capital, where social property becomes private.


Rural China ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-290
Author(s):  
Aiming Zhang

Abstract Mixed occupations are a prominent feature of China’s smallholder peasant economy. For poor peasant households with little land, working in multiple occupations is a survival strategy that represents a more rational or efficient allocation of household labor. In central Shanxi in the 1930s and 1940s, the growth of the commercial economy encouraged peasant households to dedicate their surplus labor to small-scale commercial activities (including itinerant trade and shopkeeping apprenticeship), thus leading to the formation of a mixed “part-peasant, part-trader” 半耕半商 economy. This economy was characterized by the following practices: First, many young, able-bodied men farmed during the busy seasons and peddled goods in the slack seasons. Second, other able-bodied men engaged in off-farm commercial activities year-round, while female and elderly dependents did the farming—often with the help of relatives and neighbors. This represented a rational gendered and intergenerational allocation of labor that undercut labor market prices to maximize household income. Third, any surplus income from commerce, after satisfying basic consumption needs, was used to purchase more land as subsistence insurance against the vagaries of the commercial economy. These mixed practices of mutually supporting agriculture and commerce developed into a robust and competitive part-peasant, part-trader economic system.


2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-30
Author(s):  
Rohit Lamba ◽  
Arvind Subramanian

India’s sequencing of economic and political development has been unusual. In contrast to the West and more recently East Asia, democratization has preceded economic growth. Notwithstanding its unique path, India has grown substantially over the last four decades, pulling hundreds of millions out of poverty. The pace, durability, and stability of economic growth has been matched by few countries in the post-war period. This dynamism, though, has not been matched by development in several dimensions: a structural transformation that has skipped high-productivity manufacturing despite surplus labor, an increased spatial divergence in income despite integration in internal markets, limited convergence in education and other social metrics across castes but divergence across religions, a deep societal preference for sons that is associated with poor outcomes for women and high levels of stunting amongst children, and an environmental degradation that is severe for its level of income. The paper speculates on two immediate challenges: reviving dynamism when human capital development remains weak and the financial system is impaired and accelerating development when state capacity remains limited.


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