Production Process of a Carbonated Drink from Red Flesh Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus)

The purpose of this study is to present a suitable production process of a carbonated drink from ingredients originated from red flesh dragon fruits. Additionally, optimal parameters in the hydrolysis and pasteurization stages of the juice were determined so that the product could retain the highest bioactive ingredients while still maintaining favorable color. The investigated parameters of pectinase hydrolysis process included hydrolysis temperature (35, 40, 45 and 50oC), hydrolysis time (1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours and 4 hours), concentration pectinase enzyme level (0.4; 0.6, 0.8 and 1%) and enzyme pectinase content (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8%). Outcomes which were considered in optimization processes included polyphenol content, vitamin C content and DPPH scavenging activity. The results are expected to aid in diversification of products from dragon fruit raw materials to meet the increasing demand of consumers.

A Persistence Search for the Most Appropriate Process of PET Recycling: A Review

One of the most serious threats to the environment in today’s world is plastic pollution. The reason for widespread of plastic is its poor disposal management, indiscriminate use of plastic and its related products. There was a tremendous increase in the production of plastic from the start of 21st century due to its high demand which tripled the waste in these two decades. This review papers aims at providing the understanding of various techniques used for PET plastic degrading process and currently used in large scale that is quite detrimental to the environment. Further, the recent discovery of the bacteria eating enzyme provided a shaft of light in waste green recycling process. Adding to this, there is an outline provided for bioengineering of the most preferred enzymes for hydrolysis process result is compared that which one is more efficient one. Comparing them and trying to exploring the potential of various mutated enzymes for hydrolyzing of plastic waste formulated by various researchers to identify the Nobel PET catalyst which can solve the massive environment crisis when used in large-scale.

Bioconversion of Industrial Cassava Solid Waste (Onggok) to Bioethanol Using a Saccharification and Fermentation process

Cassava solid waste (Onggok) is a by-product of the starch industry containing a lot of fiber, especially cellulose and hemicellulose. It has the potential to be converted to bioethanol. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of feedstocks ratio for the optimal bioethanol production via enzymatic and acidic hydrolysis process in a batch fermentation process. The effect of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase activities was studied. The sulfuric acid concentrations in the hydrolysis process in converting cassava into reducing sugar were also investigated. The reducing sugar was then fermented to produce ethanol. Enzymatic and chemical hydrolysis was carried out with the ratio of onggok(g)/water(L), 50/1, 75/1, and 100/1 (w/v). In the enzymatic hydrolysis, 22.5, 45, and 67.5 KNU (Kilo Novo alpha-amylase Unit) for liquefaction; and 65, 130, and 195 GAU (Glucoamylase Unit) for saccharification, respectively of enzymes were applied. The liquefaction was carried out at 90-100⁰C for 2 hours. The saccharification was executed at 65 ⁰C for 4 hours. Meanwhile, the acidic hydrolysis operating condition was at 90-100 ⁰C for 3 hours. The fermentation was performed at pH 4.5 for 3 days. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) analysis was conducted to evaluate the hydrolysis process. The highest ethanol was yielded in the fermentation at 8.89% with the ratio of onggok to water 100:1, 67.5 KNU of alpha-amylase, and 195 GAU of glucoamylase. Ethanol was further purified utilizing fractional distillation. The final ethanol concentration was at 93-94%.

Insights into the Anaerobic Hydrolysis Process for Extracting Embedded EPS and Metals from Activated Sludge

The amount of sewage sludge generated from wastewater treatment plants globally is unavoidably increasing. In recent years, significant attention has been paid to the biorefinery concept based on the conversion of waste streams to high-value products, material, and energy by microorganisms. However, one of the most significant challenges in the field is the possibility of controlling the microorganisms’ pathways in the anaerobic environment. This study investigated two different anaerobic fermentation tests carried out with real waste activated sludge at high organic loading rate (10 g COD L−1d−1) and short hydraulic retention time (HRT) to comprehensively understand whether this configuration enhances extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and metal solubilisation. The quantity of EPS recovered increased over time, while the chemical oxygen demand to EPS ratio remained in the range 1.31–1.45. Slightly acidic conditions and sludge floc disintegration promoted EPS matrix disruption and release, combined with the solubilisation of organically bound toxic metals, such as As, Be, Cu, Ni, V, and Zn, thereby increasing the overall metal removal efficiency due to the action of hydrolytic microorganisms. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi were the most abundant phyla observed, indicating that the short HRT imposed on the systems favoured the hydrolytic and acidogenic activity of these taxa.

Analysis on the barrier properties of thin film PLA/PBAT reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose

In recent times, awareness on plastic pollution had increase which brings innovation on new productions to be environmental friendly. Various polymers has been used to analyse the suitability to produce thin films. In this study, Poly lactic acid (PLA) and Polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were investigated. MCC were produced from selected bamboo for obtaining cellulose, then followed by an acidic hydrolysis process for the processing of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). In this study, the thin film are focusing on the barrier properties such as water absorption, solvent resistance and absorption test. From the results shows that, the lowest rate of water absorption rate is 1.9% by 1% B-MCC/PLA/PBAT, meanwhile, the highest rate of water absorption is 60.1% by 5% C-MCC/PLA/PBAT. The water absorption rate decrease gradually with the decreasing of amount of MCC in the samples. Lastly, the thin film samples can resist with oleic acid solvents as the condition of thin film samples is still remain but they were not resistance with xylene as the thin film samples were shrinked and degraded. This thin film have a potential to replace the non-biodegradable petrochemical polymer based on their properties such as food contact, availability and cost.

Hydrolysis of wheat straw hemicelluloses for maximum xylose extraction

The aim of the study is to select reaction conditions for hydrolysis of wheat straw with dilute sulfuric acid for maximum xylose extraction under mild conditions (at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 100°C). The authors found that maximum glucose yield (72.4-77.1 weight % of the initial content of hemicelluloses in wheat straw) is achieved at a concentration of H2SO4 2-3 weight % and the hydrolysis process duration of 5 hours. Analysis of the obtained hydrolysates showed that they contain cellulose (56.8-70.4 weight %), lignin (19.8-28.8 weight %) and hemicelluloses (2.8-15.3 weight %).

Screening of lactases suitable for the preparation of low-lactose prebiotic liquid milk and optimisation of their combination

Lactose intolerance is an important factor restricting the consumption of dairy products. Lactase is used to hydrolyze lactose in milk while generating galactooligosaccharides (GOS), thereby reducing the incidence of lactose intolerance. We used cow milk as raw materials, and selected enzyme preparations with high lactose hydrolysis rate and strong GOS generation ability from 14 commercially available lactase enzymes. The lactose hydrolysis rate is 5.85%-81.38%, and the GOS content is 0.03 g/L- 13.10 g/L. The mixing experiment design determined the two lactase enzymes (E10 and E11) ratio and the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis process of low-lactose prebiotic milk: compound lactases (E10:E11=0.756:0.244) addition 0.11%, 55℃for 5h, lactose hydrolysis rate and GOS content were 98.02% and 19.69g/L, respectively, and the remaining lactose content was about 0.97 g/L.

ENZIMATIC HYDROLYSIS PROCESS FOR INCREASING GLUCOSE LEVELS FROM COCONUT HUSK WASTE

Coconut husk waste is waste that has not been used optimally, generally only as a craft material. Seeing the composition of coconut husk, it has the potential to be used as an alternative fuel, one of which is to produce bioethanol products. The purpose of this research was to utilize coconut husk waste as raw material for bioethanol production and to assess the effect of the number of enzymes and time of hydrolysis on the glucose levels produced. In this research, the authors focused on obtaining glucose levels from coconut husks by hydrolysis using cellulase enzymes with an activity of 700 EGU/g. The variations used in this research were the volume of cellulase enzymes (2, 3, 4, 5, 6) ml and the hydrolysis time (4, 8, 12) hours. After the coconut husk undergoes physical and chemical treatment using 10% NaOH, there is a decrease in lignin levels from 44% to 14% and there is an increase in cellulose levels from 24% to 38%, and the use of a cellulase enzyme volume of 2 ml with a hydrolysis time of 4 hours was more optimal with a glucose level of 0.32%.