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2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4-1) ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
Aleksander Sanzhenakov ◽  

The article is devoted to the consideration of the theory of social action in the context of criticism of the theory of action by analytical philosophy. Firstly, the article describes the basic concepts of social action by M. Weber, E. Durkheim, and T. Parsons. Despite some disagreements between these sociologists, they agree that social action is purposeful and intentional, as well as focused on other people, due to which it receives a social characteristic. Then the author turns to analytical philosophy, in which the concept of "intention" was subjected to skeptical analysis. For example, in the philosophy of late Wittgenstein, action receives its meaning not from the intentions of the actor, but from the context of its implementation, just as words get their meaning from the conditions in which they are used. His ideas were developed by E. Anscombe, who rejected introspection as a method of comprehending the intentions of the subject of action. An obvious consequence of the refusal of psychologizing intent was an appeal to the context of the action being performed and to its social conditions as well. Having considered examples of the application of the theories of social action, the author concludes that sociologists in most of their studies use the model of a rational subject of action, the distinguishing feature of which is awareness of one’s own intentions and goals. Although some researchers have attempted to make this model weaker in order to approximate it to real participants of social interaction, these changes did not affect the awareness of the subject of action of his own goals and intentions. Therefore, the author of the article concludes that one of the urgent tasks of sociology is to develop a new model of the subject of action, which will organically combine the subject’s orientation to the external context and limited awareness of the grounds for his own actions.


Author(s):  
Gabriella Ilonszki ◽  
Davor Boban ◽  
Dangis Gudelis

AbstractThis chapter examines how has the relevance of political science developed in Croatia, Hungary and Lithuania, that is how is the profession engaged with important audiences, namely the student body, society at large and pragmatic politics. Similar to the Western context the normative and pragmatic understanding of relevance appear in these emerging political science communities while identity formation and the achievement and preservation of legitimacy also define how political science can become relevant. The concept of relevance is built on three dimensions related to three potential fields of engagement: knowledge provision, social presence and practical impact. This chapter highlights that the profession continues to be beset by problems relating to the issue of relevance but differences between the countries are pronounced. Moreover, the three main aspects of relevance have not been achieved to the same level within the same country although we can duly expect a degree of adjustment as the three aspects are interconnected and will influence one another. This chapter argues that the development of relevance is a two-way process: government and university policies act as the external context, while the profession’s interests, commitment and ambitions constitute the internal force marking the way forward.


2021 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 103226
Author(s):  
Adam Turnbull ◽  
Giulia L. Poerio ◽  
Nerissa SP. Ho ◽  
Léa M. Martinon ◽  
Leigh M. Riby ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
pp. 226-238
Author(s):  
Enrico Letta

European integration started after the Second World War as an effort to bring peace in the Old Continent and to promote the unity of its peoples in a categorical rejection of nationalism. Hence, the very reason of making a united Europe was internal in its roots. Without denying the extraordinary achievements of the European project, today we can no longer give traditional answers to the fundamental question: ‘Why make Europe?’ If yesterday the underlying reason was clear to everyone—peace, in fact—today it is no longer the case. One of the ‘positive’ aspects of Brexit—and there are very few!—is having awakened Europe from a dangerous, deterministic, and almost dogmatic inertia of giving ‘Just because’ as the answer. So why should we continue to build a united Europe? Why do we need the European Union in the twenty-first century? In a nutshell the answer is that from the hegemon it was until the twentieth century, Europe must become a beacon for the world as a value-based global power. This is the essence of the new role that Europe is called to play in the world. In order to do this, we can no longer just look at internal causes for making Europe, but must also take into account the external context. In other words, we should adopt a mentality whereby European values coincide with European strategic interests. This shift is the key to making Europe live up to its global ambitions.


Author(s):  
Vladimir Kuzmin

For the “Self”, color is a color text, a structure consisting of two elements: internal context (content: tone, saturation, brightness) and external context (conditions under which color actualizes in a situation: lightness, proximity, etc.). Perception of the color is when the content overlays the conditions. The modes of color are revealed depending on the ratio of indicated contexts. There are three color modes: visible, invisible, and colorless. The goal of this article is to describe the color modes, and their correlation with contrast and complementarity of colors, what entails bi-level perception of color. The article employs situational and phenomenological approaches. Visible color for the “Self” occurs when the internal context completely overlays the external context. Invisible color occurs in the presence of internal context and absence of one or more external factors: no tone, no contrast with background, etc. “Colorless” mode occurs when the internal context is not fully set in the situation of presence of the external context: no tone, saturation, or brightness. Color in the “colorless” mode is achromatic. The compatibility of separate colors within the color text leads to the phenomena of complementarity and contrast ratio, which are interrelated with the color modes. There are two levels of color perception: 1) fundamental, i.e. is the perception of achromatic color with gradations from sharply white to pure black; gray color with varying degrees of brightness is present in chromatic colors (as the “base”); 2) perception of the chromatic colors, founded on the colorless “base”. Such bi-level perception of color is substantiated by the fact that the consciousness seeks harmony and balance, i.e. minimization of perception of the visual.


2021 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Veldsman ◽  
Ninette Van Aarde

Orientation: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to an increased focus on the effectiveness of employee assistance programmes (EAPs).Research purpose: To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on the value, utilisation and scope of an EAP within the South African insurance sector.Motivation for the study: Higher levels of stress and anxiety experienced by employees because of COVID-19 has necessitated the need to better understand the reasons for EAPs utilisation and its effectiveness within organisations.Research approach/design and method: The study provided an overview of employee well-being and an overview of the origins and evolution of EAPs. The study utilised thematic analysis to analyse 1002 cases with a sample of n = 907, pre-and post-onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.Main findings: The utilisation of EAPs increased because of COVID-19, yet the reasons for accessing these programmes remained largely consistent before and during COVID-19. At a sub-theme level, the priority of themes differed across the time periods influenced by external context and circumstance.Practical/managerial implications: The study found a need to clearly define employee well-being and reposition the role of EAPs within the organisation. Organisations need to broaden the scope of EAPs and through continuous education and awareness create an environment where employees feel like they can safely access these services.Contribution/value-add: The study contributes towards the current literature on employee well-being and providing a perspective on the relevance, value and utilisation of EAPs before and during a pandemic.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Mohamad Shaharudin Samsurijan ◽  
Eddy Iskandar ◽  
Paramjit Singh Jamir Singh ◽  
Abdul Rais Abdul Latiff ◽  
Muhammad Fikri Ali Yasah

This study aims to unravel the paradox of perceptions and knowledge of the flood victims towards the causes of the disaster in the context of internal and external. Internal context comprises of a comparison of perceptions and knowledge based on individual characteristics (age, gender, education and income). Whereas, the external context includes the factors of the awareness of the victims towards the amount of rainfall, the impact of land use changes as well as the negligence of the responsible parties. The main objective of this study is to determine the differences of perception and knowledge of December 2014 flood victims in Kelantan towards the factors that lead to the flood. This disaster had resulted in huge amount of money lost as well as traumatize the victims in which can be felt to this day. Since that incident, there were various points of view and different perceptions in finding the cause of the disaster occurred. Besides that, the study found that the level of perception and knowledge as to the cause of the disaster is different in the context of the internal (individual characteristics). This difference has a significant influence on the awareness of the causes of the floods that occurred in the external context. Significant relationships at the level of p<0.05 has existed between perception and knowledge of the causes of the disaster victims affected by environmental changes in the last 10 years. This indicates that although the victim is aware of the physical environment changes happening around them, but all that is seen is not a major contributing factor to the cause of the floods in Kelantan in 2014.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caio Maximino

In one of his most important works, "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution" (1902/2009), the Russian anarchist Pyotr Kropotkin outlined his ethnological and ethological observations that led him to propose that, although what later came to be called "fitness" in evolutionary biology is greatly influenced by competition between individuals, cooperation is also an important factor in the evolution of populations and species. Darwin (1859/2018) considered the problem of cooperation a difficulty for his theories, but it were his followers - especially Thomas Huxley and Herbert Spencer - who ignited a vigorous debate around the subject in the 19th century. Building on Helen Longino's epistemology, I argue that both approaches are value-laden and have political goals, from a libertarian approach in the Kropotkinian camp to a liberal approach in the Huxley-Spencerian camp. This value-ladenness represents an important feature of the Nature of Science that should not be neglected in science teaching, especially in the teaching of evolution. The debate promoted by Kropotkin can be used, in the classroom, to teach the role of cooperation in the evolution of species, as well as to discuss the role of the external context in establishing scientific objectivity, sensu Longino.


CANTILEVER ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Mutiara Sari ◽  
Mona Foralisa Toyfur ◽  
Febrian Hadinata

The Regency of Kerinci and The City of Sungai Penuh are areas that prone to landslides. In 2021 and 2021, were 13 landslides on national road sections in both, which disrupted access to both areas. This study aims to calculate the index and determine the risk level of landslides on roads and bridges on national roads in both regions. Assessment methods and variables are taken based on the Guidelines for the Implementation of Risk Analysis for Natural Disasters Affecting Roads and Bridges. The index and risk level assessment are carried out by analyzing the risk factors for landslides, namely: hazard, exposure, vulnerability, external context, and capacity. The mapping of landslide risk based on Geographic Information Systems is based on scoring and weighting in all parameters, as well as overlays among all the constituent parameters. Based on the results of the study on ten national roads (with a total road length of 82.50 km) in the study area into two classes, namely: (a) low class (= 8.72%) on 7 roads located within the city, and (b) medium class (= 91.28%) on three roads connecting the cities.


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