AAC Richard Soybean

AAC Richard is a food grade soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] cultivar with yellow hilum, high protein concentration, and good processing quality for foreign and domestic soymilk, tofu, and miso markets. It has resistance to SCN (soybean cyst nematode) (Heterodera Glycines Ichinohe). AAC Richard was developed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Harrow Research and Development Centre (Harrow-RDC), Harrow, Ontario and is adapted to areas of southwest Ontario with 3100 or more crop heat units and has a relative maturity of 2.3 (MG 2.3).

US FDA approved therapeutic antibodies with high concentration formulation: Summaries and perspectives

Since 1986 when we first witnessed the approval of monoclonal antibody (mAb) Orthoclone OKT3 by the US FDA, FDA has approved 103 therapeutic antibody drugs in the past 35 years for marketing. Thirty four (34) of these 103 therapeutic antibody drugs (accounting for one third of the total FDA approved antibody therapeutics) are formulated with high protein concentration (100 mg/mL or above). These 34 high concentration antibodies are the focus of this article. The dosage forms of these 34 antibodies are analyzed and discussed in this article. The highest protein concentration of these approved mAbs is 200 mg/mL. The dominant administration route is subcutaneous (76%). Our analysis indicates that it may be rational to implement a platform formulation containing polysorbate, histidine and sucrose to accelerate high concentration formulation development for antibody drugs. The top players/sponsors of high concentration formulation are identified as Roche including its subsidiaries Genentech and Chugai, Novartis, Sanofi, Amgen, GSK, Johnson & Johnson including its subsidiary Janssen, and Regeneron. The FDA approval numbers are significantly increased since 2015 which account for 76% of the total approval number, i.e., 26 out of 34 highly concentrated antibodies. Thus, we believe that the high concentration formulations of antibody drugs will be the future trend of therapeutic antibody formulation development, regardless of the challenges of highly concentrated protein formulations.

Nutritional value of microalgae for ruminants and implications from microalgae production.

Microalgae are a diverse group of microorganisms that are an interesting alternative feed resource for ruminant production. Microalgae species with high protein concentration and adequate amino acid (AA) composition can be used to substitute conventional protein feeds, whereas species with high carbohydrate or lipid concentration can be used to supply energy. Microalgal polyunsaturated acids and short-chain fatty acids have potential to improve the nutritive value of ruminant milk and meat for human consumption and mitigate enteric methane emissions. Microalgae composition is very plastid in comparison to conventional ruminant feeds and it can be influenced relatively easily by environmental conditions, such as nutrient supply. Microalgae also contain many compounds, especially carbohydrates and cell coverings, which are not usually found in ruminant feeds. Standard feed evaluation methods involving the use of crucibles or nylon bags (detergent fibre method, in vitro digestibility and in vivo rumen incubation) suit poorly to the analysis of microalgae with microscopic particle size. This paper attempts to give a general overview of the nutritive value (protein, lipids and carbohydrates) of microalgae for ruminant feeding applications and the possibilities to tailor microalgae composition for a certain ruminant feeding objectives. In addition, the key knowledge gaps related to the nutritive value of microalgae for ruminant nutrition are identified.

Development and Analysis of a Product Made from Pink Pine Nuts in the South of Nuevo León

Nowadays one of the most evident problems in Mexico is hunger, malnutrition, and food safety, according to The Hunger Project México (2016) the 23.3% of the total population lives in poverty food, and the 12% suffer chronic malnutrition. Applying innovative tendencies and the industrial engineering, our project provides the option for the generation of a food product that is consider organic waste in this case is the "pink pine nut" this, because to its properties and benefits among which are, control in levels of fats, high protein concentration, and also fatty acids that are essential as omega 3 and 6. In addition to minerals such as Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg) and Potassium (K) necessary for the proper functioning of the body. This project was managed for the municipality of Aramberri located in the state of Nuevo León since the pink pine nuts are abundant in this region and wasted on a large scale.

Historical trend on seed amino acid concentration does not follow protein changes in soybeans

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is the most important oilseed crop for animal industry due to its high protein concentration and high relative abundance of essential and non-essential amino acids (AAs). However, the selection for high-yielding genotypes has reduced seed protein concentration over time, and little is known about its impact on AAs. The aim of this research was to determine the genetic shifts of seed composition for 18 AAs in 13 soybean genotypes released between 1980 and 2014. Additionally, we tested the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on protein and AAs trends. Soybean genotypes were grown in field conditions during two seasons under a control (0 N) and a N-fertilized treatment receiving 670 kg N ha−1. Seed yield increased 50% and protein decreased 1.2% comparing the oldest and newest genotypes. The application of N fertilizer did not significantly affect protein and AAs concentrations. Leucine, proline, cysteine, and tryptophan concentrations were not influenced by genotype. The other AAs concentrations showed linear rates of decrease over time ranging from − 0.021 to − 0.001 g kg−1 year−1. The shifts of 11 AAs (some essentials such as lysine, tryptophan, and threonine) displayed a relative-to-protein increasing concentration. These results provide a quantitative assessment of the trade-off between yield improvement and seed AAs concentrations and will enable future genetic yield gain without overlooking seed nutritional value.

SPRING GRAIN QUALITY OF OMSK OAT VARIETIES IN THE EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

The authors make a case that oat selection should have profound focus in the regions with profound contrasting weather conditions such as Western Siberia is. The adaptive variety has environmental plasticity and combines stable high productivity with grain quality. The researchers study a set of varieties of oats under the conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of the Omsk region according to the parameters of environmental adaptability, estimated on the basis of protein concentration pro a unit of land. The experimental part of the work was carried out during 2013-2018 on the experimental fields of Omsk Research Agricultural Centre (Southern Forest Steppe, Omsk). The protein concentration in the oat grains was determined according to the Pleshkov’s method. On average, the protein concentration in chaffy oat and Hulless oat didn’t vary significantly and was equal to 408.8 and 407.4 kg/ha, respectively. Protein concentration standard of Tarsky 2, Uran, Fakel and Sibirskiy Gerkules varieties exceeded the average by 14.1-71.5 kg/ha. The authors estimated the following adaptability parameters: stress resistance (Ymin-Ymax) and compensatory capacity (Ymin+Ymax)/2 according to Rossielle, Hemblin method; ecological plasticity coefficient (O) – according to Baransky methodics; variation coefficient (V) and equation coefficient (B) – according to Armor; the level of variety stability - according to Nettevich method; coefficient of responsiveness to favorable conditions of cultivation (Kr) - by Zykin; environmental plasticity index (EPI) – by Gryaznov; coefficient of adaptability (CA) - by Zhivotkov. A comprehensive assessment of spring oats varieties, taking into account a smaller number of ranks, identified the varieties, most adapted to high protein concentration in the southern forest-steppe zone of the Omsk region: a standard chaffy variety Orion, Uran (total ranks were 37 and 36), as well as the standard of hulless oat group which is Sibirskiy golozernyy (total ranks are 72).

The crystal structure of the heme d 1 biosynthesis-associated small c-type cytochrome NirC reveals mixed oligomeric states in crystallo

Monoheme c-type cytochromes are important electron transporters in all domains of life. They possess a common fold hallmarked by three α-helices that surround a covalently attached heme. An intriguing feature of many monoheme c-type cytochromes is their capacity to form oligomers by exchanging at least one of their α-helices, which is often referred to as 3D domain swapping. Here, the crystal structure of NirC, a c-type cytochrome co-encoded with other proteins involved in nitrite reduction by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has been determined. The crystals diffracted anisotropically to a maximum resolution of 2.12 Å (spherical resolution of 2.83 Å) and initial phases were obtained by Fe-SAD phasing, revealing the presence of 11 NirC chains in the asymmetric unit. Surprisingly, these protomers arrange into one monomer and two different types of 3D domain-swapped dimers, one of which shows pronounced asymmetry. While the simultaneous observation of monomers and dimers probably reflects the interplay between the high protein concentration required for crystallization and the structural plasticity of monoheme c-type cytochromes, the identification of conserved structural motifs in the monomer together with a comparison with similar proteins may offer new leads to unravel the unknown function of NirC.

The crystal structure of heme d1 biosynthesis-associated small c-type cytochrome NirC reveals mixed oligomeric states in crystallo

Monoheme c-type cytochromes are important electron transporters in all domains of life. They possess a common fold hallmarked by three α-helices that surround a covalently attached heme. An intriguing feature of many monoheme c-type cytochromes is their capacity to form oligomers by exchanging at least one of their α-helices, which is often referred to as 3D domain swapping. Here, we have determined the crystal structure of NirC, a c-type cytochrome co-encoded with other proteins involved in nitrite reduction by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Crystals diffracted anisotropically to a maximum resolution of 2.12 Å (spherical resolution 2.83 Å) and initial phases were obtained by Fe-SAD phasing, revealing the presence of eleven NirC chains in the asymmetric unit. Surprisingly, these protomers arrange into one monomer and two different types of 3D-domain-swapped dimers, one showing pronounced asymmetry. While the simultaneous observation of monomers and dimers probably reflects the interplay between high protein concentration required for crystallization and the structural plasticity of monoheme c-type cytochromes, the identification of conserved structural motifs in the monomer together with a comparison to similar proteins may offer new leads to unravel the unknown function of NirC.SynopsisThe crystal structure of the c-type cytochrome NirC from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been determined and reveals the simultaneous presence of monomers and 3D-domain-swapped dimers in the same asymmetric unit.

Solubilization of Human Interferon β-1b Inclusion Body Proteins by Organic Solvents

Purposes: Solubilization of inclusion bodies expressed in E. coli is a critical step during manufacturing of recombinant proteins expressed as inclusion bodies. So far, various methods have been used for solubilization and purification of inclusion body proteins to obtain active proteins with high purity and yield. The aim of this study was to examine the benefit of organic solvents such as alcohols in solubilization of recombinant interferon β-1b inclusion bodies. Methods: Effect of important parameters inclusion pH, concentration and type of denaturant and concentration of alcoholic solvents were optimized to formulate a suitable solubilization buffer and investigate their effect on solubilization of interferon β-1b inclusion bodies. Results: Our findings showed the acidic pH in the range of 2-3 is more suitable than alkaline pH >12 for solubilization and achieving higher content of interferon β-1beta and pure recombinant protein. We have also demonstrated that 1% SDS acts better than 2M urea to solubilize Inclusion body proteins of interferon β-1b at pH of 2-3. The interferon concentration was 2.35 mg per 100 mg IB when we used 40% (v/v) 1-propanol and 20% (v/v) 2-butanol into the buffer solution as well. Conclusion: The optimized method provides gentile condition for solubilization of inclusion body at high protein concentration and purity with a degree of retention of native secondary structure which makes this method valuable to be used in production and research area.