An estimation of optimum dietary concentration of soy bean meal for carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirhinus mrigala)

Soybean meal is an inexpensive plant origin protein which has been used in practical diets as a replacement of animal protein such as fish meal or chicken meal, due to the uneconomical price of animal protein diets. Consequently, a research study was conducted on some commercial species of Indian major carps i.e. Catla (Cattla cattla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigala (Cirhinus mrigala) (Hamilton, 1822) to estimate optimum dietary protein requirement of soy bean meal in diet in an intensive polyculture. Three different diets (SBM I, SBM II and SBM III) were formulated by 80%, 50% and 20% replacement of fish meal with soybean meal from a 45% fish meal diet (control).Highest monthly mean weight gain was obtained by SBM II (with 35% CP and about 50% substitution of fish meal), while SBM III (45% Crude Protein and about 20% substitution of fish meal) was stood second. All tested diets respond enormously by producing high yield as compare to control diet, though SBM II generated highest yield among all. On the bases of the following research, it was revealed that the SBM can surrogate even50% fish meal without any augmentation of other amino acids in the diet of Indian major carps.

PERUBAHAN KANDUNGAN ASAM FITAT DAN ASAM AMINO ESENSIAL BAHAN-BAHAN ORGANIK PAKAN YANG DIFERMENTASI RAGI TEMPE

Changes in the Contents of Phytic Acid and Essential Amino Acids of Animal Feed Organic Materials Fermented by Tempe Starter The contents of antinutrients and nutrients are important in the selection of feed ingredients, especially for monogastric animals. The aim of this study is to determine the change in the contents of antinutrient phytic acid and nutrient essential amino acid in selected organic materials. Nine organic ingredients of agro-industrial by-products, namely rice bran, coffee skin, cassava bagasse, corn, coconut dreg, soy bean meal, pollard, corn gluten feed (CGF), and copra meal were fermented in solid state using tempeh starter for 48 hours at 30°C. Dense mycelia overgrowing evenly on the top, bottom, and cross-sliced surfaces was observed on rice bran, maize and copra meal substrates. These 3 selected organic materials were then analysed for the content of phytic acid and essential amino acids. The results showed that the lowest decrease (75.80%) in phytic acid content occurred in maize, namely from 18.49 ± 0.41 mg g-1 (before fermentation) to 4.48 ± 0.19 mg g-1 (after fermentation). The highest increase (59%) of total essential amino acids occurred in copra meal, namely from 38,991.89 ± 447.12 mg kg-1 (before fermentation) to 61,816.56 ± 894.24 mg kg-1 (after fermentation). Kandungan antinutrisi dan nutrisi merupakan hal penting dalam pemilihan bahan pakan, terutama untuk hewan monogastrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perubahan kandungan antinutrisi asam fitat dan nutrisi asam amino esensial pada bahan organik tertentu yang terpilih. Sembilan bahan organik yang merupakan hasil samping agroindustri, yakni dedak padi, kulit kopi, onggok, jagung, ampas kelapa, bungkil kedelai (soy bean meal), dedak gandum (pollard), produk samping jagung corn gluten feed (CGF), dan bungkil kopra difermentasi padat menggunakan ragi tempe selama 48 jam pada suhu 30°C. Miselium yang tumbuh subur, padat, dan merata pada permukaan atas, bawah, dan irisan melintang teramati pada dedak padi, jagung, dan bungkil kopra. Tiga bahan organik terpilih ini kemudian dianalisa kandungan asam fitat dan asam amino esensialnya. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa penurunan terbesar (75,80%) kandungan asam fitat terjadi pada jagung, yakni dari 18,49 ± 0,41 mg g-1 (sebelum fermentasi) menjadi 4,48 ± 0,19 mg g-1 (setelah fermentasi). Peningkatan tertinggi (59%) asam amino esensial total terjadi pada bungkil kopra, yakni dari 38.991,89 ± 447,12 mg kg-1 (sebelum fermentasi) menjadi 61.816,56 ± 894,24 mg kg-1 (setelah fermentasi).

Functional Characterization of Mung Bean Meal Protein-Derived Antioxidant Peptides

The aim of this work was to characterize the antioxidant properties of some of the peptides present in bromelain mung bean meal protein hydrolysate (MMPH). The MMPH was subjected to two rounds of bioassay-guided reversed-phase HPLC separation followed by peptide identification in the most potent fractions using tandem mass spectrometry. Twelve antioxidant peptides, namely, HC, CGN, LAN, CTN, LAF, CSGD, MMGW, QFAAD, ERF, EYW, FLQL, and QFAW were identified and assayed for antioxidant properties. CTN, HC, CGN, and CSGD were the most potent (p < 0.05) DPPH radical scavengers with EC50 values of 0.30, 0.29, 0.28, and 0.30 mg/mL, respectively, which are lower than the 0.03 mg/mL obtained for reduced glutathione (GSH). CTN, HC, CGN, and CSGD exhibited the most potent (p < 0.05) scavenging activities against hydroxyl and superoxide radicals with EC50 values that are similar to those of GSH. The cysteine-containing peptides also had stronger ferric reducing antioxidant power and metal chelation activity than peptides devoid of cysteine. In contrast, MMGW, ERF, and EYW had poor radical scavenging and metal chelation activities. We conclude that the availability of the sulfhydryl group may have enhanced antioxidant potency while the presence of bulky groups such phenylalanine and tryptophan had an opposite effect.

Growth performance, carcass characteristics and internal organ weights of weaner rabbits fed replacement levels of sun-dried soyabean milk residue

This study evaluated the growth performance of weaner rabbits fed diets containing sundried soybean milk residue meal (SSMR) at five levels of inclusion. Forty weaner rabbit with an average initial weight of 520±1.04g arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) were used. SSMR was used at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels to replace soya bean meal. The result of the growth performance showed progressive increase in parameter evaluated as the level of SSMR increases in the diets. Rabbits fed (100% SSMR) recorded significant higher final body weight 1351.73g which was similar to rabbits fed 25, 50 and 75% SSMR while those on T1 (0% SSMR) had the least value of 1194.50g. However, carcass characteristics and internal organ weights measurements were also not influenced by the treatment diets. It was therefore concluded that 100% SSMR can be used in compounding weaner rabbits without deleterious effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics and internal organ weights. Cette étude a évalué le rendement de croissance des lapins sevrés nourris selon des régimes contenant des résidus de lait de soja séchés au soleil (RSSS) à cinq niveaux d'inclusion. Quarante lapins sevrés d'un poids initial moyen de 520±1,04 g disposés dans un modèle complètement randomisé (CRD) ont été utilisés. SSMR a été employé aux niveaux de 0, 25, 50, 75 et 100% pour remplacer le repas de haricot de soja. Le résultat de la performance de croissance a montré l'augmentation progressive du paramètre évalué comme le niveau des augmentations de SSMR dans les régimes. Les lapins nourris (100% SSMR) ont enregistré un poids corporel final plus élevé significatif 1351.73g qui était similaire aux lapins nourris 25, 50 et 75% SSMR tandis que ceux sur T1 (0% SSMR) avaient la valeur la moins élevée de 1194.50g. Cependant, les caractéristiques de carcasse et les mesures internes de poids d'organe n'ont pas non plus été influencées par les régimes de traitement. Il a donc été conclu que 100% SSMR peut être utilisé dans la composition des lapins sevrés sans aucun effet sur la performance de croissance, les caractéristiques de la carcasse et le poids interne des organes.

Replacement value of rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) meal for full-fat soya bean meal on performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters of broilers

Rubber seed meal (RSM) contains about 28.63% CP but also high in CF (20%). Rubber seed cake was extruded after the extraction of rubber seed oil from the Rubber Seed oil processing Department of Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Ben in-City. The rubber seed cake was then milled to produce RSM. Soya bean meal (SBM) was prepared by processing sun-dried soya bean seeds in a combined toaster, grinder and extruder. The experiments reported in this study were to investigate the utilization of RSM as a replacement for SBM in the diers of broilers. In the first experiment, 225 seven days'-old broiler chicks of Anak strain were randomly allotted to live dietary treatments Ty T2, T3, T4 and I's which had 100% SBM: 0% RSM, 75% SBM: 25% RSM, 50% SBM: 50% RSM, 25% SBM: 75% RSM and 0% SBM: 100% RSM respectively. The CP level was set at 24% and energy level at 2900kcal/kg. The birds were further subdivided into three replicates of 15 birds each. The trial lasted for 28 days. In the second experiment, design and feed formulation were similar but the CP level was set at 21% and energy at 2700kcal/kg. 225 five weeks old broiler chicks from the first experiment were fed the broiler finisher diets. At the end of the oth week 2 birds were randomly selected from each of the replicates for carcass, organ weight and haematological evaluation. In experiment 1. feed intake of the birds on diets containing RSM up to 75% inclusion level compared favourably with the control (0%RSM). In the second experiment, feed intake increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased level of RSM inclusion up to 75% Body weight gain, FCR and nutrients digestibility of birds fed diets containing RSM up to 50% inclusion level compared favourably with the control (0%RSM). The relative dressing percentage, heart weight and haematological parameters of the birds fed different levels of RSM based diets were comparable. The weight of the gizzard increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased level RSM inclusion. Dietary inclusion of RSM reduced the cost of producing 1 kg of feed. Therefore, RSM can be used to replace SBM ar 50% inclusion level in the diers of broilers without any deleterious effect.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF RAW AND UREA/TOASTED VELVET BEAN (Mucuna pruriens) FOR BROILER CHICKS

Feeding trials lasting 28 days were conducted to investigate the nutritive value of raw and urea treated/toasted mucuna bean for broiler chicks. Raw mucuna bean contains 30.33& crude protein, 7.20% crude fibre, 6.9% ether extract and 5.0% ash. Mucuna bean seeds were divided into two batches. One batch was ground raw and the other batch was ground raw, treated with 3% of its weight of urea and toasted. Mucuna bean meals so produced were then used to formulate broiler chick diets incorporfating these meals at 5% and 10% respectively. One hundred and fifty (150), 7-day-old Anak broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD) and each treatment group was further sub-divided into three replicates. Feed intake of the birds was inconsistent with the treatments, increasing at 5% inclusion level and decreasing at 10% inclusion level (P<0.05). Body weight gain of the birds followed the same pattern as feed intake, decreasing at a higher dietary level of mucuna bean meal at all levels reduced cost of feed and meat production. The results of this trial suggest that broiler chicks could not tolerate raw mucuna bean meal beyond 5% dietary level. Urea treatment at this level (3% of the weight of mucuna bean) and toasting did not improve the nutritive value of mucuna been beyond 5% dietary level.

THE EFFECTS OF INCLUSION OF GRADED LEVELS OF BREWERS DRIED GRAINS (BDG) IN THE DIETS OF EARLY-WEANED PIGS ON THEIR PERFORMANCE UP TO 10 WEEKS OF AGE

Forty-eight (48) Yorkshire female and castrated male pigs early weaned at 21 days, with average initial body weight of 8.14 kg were used to assess the effects of including graded levels of Brewers dried grains (BDG) in their diets on their performance until 10 weeks of age. Brewers dried grains were added to the 18 per cent crude protein corn-soy bean meal diets at the rate of O, 5, 10 or 15% level, each BDG level constituting a treatment Inclusion of BDG up to 15% had no adverse effect on the total gains and average daily weight gains of the test pigs. However, although the average daily feed intake and feed: gam ratio did not differ between the control pigs and those pigs with 5 and 10% BDG in their diets (between which there was no difference), the 15% BDG increased both average daily feed intake and feed: gain ratio. Not only did the pigs on 15% BDG consume more feed per unit of gain, they also scoured more frequently than the others, showing a lower degree of tolerance for increased fiber level (unlike the older pigs reported in the literature). The results of this study thus confirm the feasibility of using BDG in the diet of early weaned pigs, although the degree of tolerance appears to be age or body weight dependent.