Modeling the Contribution of Milk to Global Nutrition

Nutrient-rich foods play a major role in countering the challenges of nourishing an increasing global population. Milk is a source of high-quality protein and bioavailable amino acids, several vitamins, and minerals such as calcium. We used the DELTA Model, which calculates the delivery of nutrition from global food production scenarios, to examine the role of milk in global nutrition. Of the 29 nutrients considered by the model, milk contributes to the global availability of 28. Milk is the main contributing food item for calcium (49% of global nutrient availability), Vitamin B2 (24%), lysine (18%), and dietary fat (15%), and contributes more than 10% of global nutrient availability for a further five indispensable amino acids, protein, vitamins A, B5, and B12, phosphorous, and potassium. Despite these high contributions to individual nutrients, milk is responsible for only 7% of food energy availability, indicating a valuable contribution to global nutrition without necessitating high concomitant energy intakes. Among the 98 food items considered by the model, milk ranks in the top five contributors to 23 of the 29 nutrients modeled. This quantification of the importance of milk to global nutrition in the current global food system demonstrates the need for the high valuation of this food when considering future changes to the system.

Analysis of Ecological Values in Future Education Professionals in Andalusia (Spain)

This study shows the hierarchy of values presented by first-year teacher training students studying at public universities in Andalusia (Spain), emphasising the analysis of ecological values in relation to the gender variable. For this purpose, we used a survey-type methodology with a quantitative approach. Participants were selected by means of probability sampling by clusters. The sample was finally composed of 651 students, of whom 226 were men (34.7%) and 425 women (65.3%) aged between 18 and 49 (M = 20.20 and T.D. = 3.736). The results show a high valuation of non-material aspects related to affectivity, morality, the individual and ecology, followed by values related to the body and its care, the social, the material and the aesthetic, and finally, values related to the intellectual, the political and the religious. The results show the influence of gender in the identification of ecological values and the variables that make them up, where women have higher averages in most of the items. We can therefore conclude that the gender variable influences the choice of ecological values presented by university students.

alumnado universitario ante la comisión de plagio por parte de sus compañeros/as

Esta investigación se centra en analizar la percepción del alumnado universitario con respecto a sus compañeros/as sobre la comisión de plagio a través de diferentes prácticas establecidas a nivel teórico, así como comprobar la posible existencia de diferencias en función del curso y la rama de conocimiento. Para dar respuesta a las cuestiones planteadas, se diseñó una investigación de carácter exploratorio a través de un cuestionario dirigido a la población objeto de estudio, el alumnado universitario de la Comunidad Autónoma de Galicia. La muestra, de carácter no probabilístico, estuvo compuesta por un total de 8.526 estudiantes. De los resultados de la investigación, se puede destacar la alta valoración de la comisión de plagio por parte del grupo de iguales; los valores más bajos se producen en el primer curso y van creciendo conforme avanzan los cursos, hasta volver a remitir en cuarto y quinto curso. En cuanto a las ramas de conocimiento, en términos generales, el alumnado de la rama de Artes y Humanidades presenta valores más bajos que el resto. Como discusión y conclusiones de este trabajo se intenta dar respuestas a esta situación a través del análisis de estudios precedentes en esta temática. This research focuses on analyzing the perception of university students with respect to their peers about the commission of plagiarism through different practices established at the theoretical level, as well as checking the possible existence of differences depending on the course and branch of knowledge. To answer the questions raised, an exploratory research was designed through a questionnaire addressed to the population under study, the university students of the Autonomous Community of Galicia. The non-probability sample was made up of a total of 8.526 students. From the results of the investigation, it is possible to emphasize the high valuation of the commission of plagiarism by the peer group; the lowest values occur in the first year and grow as the courses progress, until they remit again in the fourth and fifth year. Regarding the branches of knowledge, in general terms, the students of the Arts and Humanities branch present lower values than the rest. As a discussion and conclusions of this work, we try to provide answers to this situation through the analysis of previous studies on this topic.

How Much Do Consumers Value Fuel Economy and Performance? Evidence from Technology Adoption

During historical periods in which US fuel economy standards were unchanging, automakers increased performance but not fuel economy, contrasting with recent periods of tightening standards and rising fuel economy. This paper evaluates the welfare consequences of automakers forgoing performance increases to raise fuel economy as standards have tightened since 2012. Using a unique data set and a novel approach to account for fuel economy and performance endogeneity, we find undervaluation of fuel cost savings and high valuation of performance. Welfare costs of forgone performance approximately equal expected fuel savings benefits, suggesting approximately zero net private consumer benefit from tightened standards.

Auctioning risk: the all-pay auction under mean-variance preferences

We analyse the all-pay auction with incomplete information and variance-averse bidders. We characterise the unique symmetric equilibrium for general distributions of valuations and any number of bidders. Variance aversion is a sufficient assumption to predict that high-valuation bidders increase their bids relative to the risk-neutral case while low types decrease their bid. Considering an asymmetric two-player environment with uniformly distributed valuations, we show that a variance-averse player always bids higher than her risk-neutral opponent with the same valuation. Utilising our analytically derived bidding functions we discuss all-pay auctions with variance-averse bidders from an auction designer’s perspective. We briefly consider possible extensions of our model, including noisy signals, type-dependent attitudes towards risk, and variance-seeking preferences.

On the way of making alagrand.com a grand business!

Learning outcomes The case helps learn various aspects of entrepreneurship, startups and startup-ecosystem in India. It also talks about challenges that a startup entrepreneur faces that others or people potential to enter business can learn. It develops one to identify diverse and holistic solutions for overcoming these challenges. Apply and explain strategies suitable to business management. Case overview/synopsis After facing lot of difficulties in personal life, Mr Mitesh Shethwala started an e-commerce business named Alagrand.com. This Ahmedabad city-based startup for selling apparels and accessories for all age group is doing so well that the valuation of company has gone beyond Rs. 20 crores. In spite of the high valuation, company is facing problem of funds and investments. The protagonist of the company has lot of plans for growing business and taking it to next level that can happen only if he gets funds for the business. The case talks about issue of investment and funding of this startup company. The company also has issues in the area of setting standard operating procedures and marketing. Complexity academic level Teachers can discuss this case study for various subjects like Strategic Management, Retail Management, Digital Marketing and Product and Brand Management that are taught to the students of management courses at graduate and post-graduate levels. Academicians and students should read current information and data regarding setting up startups, investment and capital budgeting related to startups and funding methods. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

Hybrid All-Pay and Winner-Pay Contests

In many contests in economic and political life, both all-pay and winner-pay expenditures matter for winning. This paper studies such hybrid contests under symmetry and asymmetry. The symmetric model assumes very little structure but yields a simple closed-form solution. More contestants tend to lead to substitution toward winner-pay investments, and total expenditures are always lower than in the corresponding all-pay contest. With a biased decision process and two contestants, the favored contestant wins with a higher likelihood, chooses less winner-pay investments, and contributes more to total expenditures. An endogenous bias that maximizes total expenditures disfavors the high-valuation contestant but still makes her the more likely one to win. (JEL C72, D72, D82)

Skimming through search

I examine a two-period duopolistic market for a durable good where firms compete in prices. Consumers are heterogeneous and can be described according to the following characteristics (i) high valuation and high search intensity; (ii) high valuation and low search intensity; (iii) low valuation and high search intensity; and (iv) low valuation and low search intensity. The market exhibits a new version of the so-called Coasian dynamics. The firms engage in intertemporal price discrimination and only consumers with high valuation and low search intensity purchase the product early. This result is based on a property which dictates that the consumers with high valuation and low search intensity are the most impatient. I call this the skimming through search property. When the difference between the high and the low valuation is small, there is positive probability that the prices in the first period are lower than the prices in the second period, so each firm may set a decreasing sequence of prices in a stochastic sense. Furthermore, when the percentage of consumers with high valuation increases, all consumers pay lower prices. This inter-consumer externality resembles the positive externality caused by an increase in market transparency.

PENGARUH LIKUIDITAS DAN LEVERAGE TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN DENGAN PROFITABILITAS SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING

The value of the company was important because of the high valuation of the community on the company's shares, which would be followed by the high level of prosperity of shareholders. This study aimed to determine the effect of proxied liquidity through Current Asset and leverage proxied through the Debt to Equity Ratio of firm value proxied through Price to Book Value with profitability proxied through Return on Asset as an intervening variable. The study population were 144 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2014-2018 with a total of 13 companies taken. The method of data analysis used path analysis by testing mediating variables using the sobel method. The results showed 1) Liquidity had a negative and significant effect on firm value. 2) Leverage had a negative and significant effect on firm value. 3) Liquidity did not affect profitability. 4) Leverage had a negative and significant effect on profitability. 5) Profitability has a positive effect on company value. 6) Profitability did not mediate the effect of liquidity and leverage on firm value.