Innovation Dynamics Through the Encouragement of Knowledge Spin-Off From Touristic Destinations

The present approach aims to explore the innovation dynamic that may lead to knowledge opportunities in a specific regional cluster characterized by a strong touristic positioning. The new technology-based companies, namely the spin-out created from university research, represent a possible and reliable approach to the economy stimulation. This said, it is mandatory to explore the topics that will allow a reflection on the networks associated with innovation processes, developed from the relations between the public universe (including universities and research centers), and the new technology or humanistic based companies. This chapter intends to be a contribution to the discussion of innovation clusters and sets the preliminary issues to discuss and implement an innovation ecosystem. This chapter explores and reflects the importance of regional innovation clusters dynamics, setting and describing the steps and specific strategical procedures in order to implement an innovation ecosystem, using as example a specific touristic territory.

EFFECTIVE REGIONAL CLUSTER: SIGNS, CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA FOR THE FORMATION

Статья посвящена обоснованию методологических подходов к исследованию процессов кластеризации в экономической политике регионов. Поставлена цель выявления условий формирования эффективных кластеров в целях появления позитивных изменений в экономических результатах их деятельности, возникающих за счет появляющихся в кластере синергетических эффектов. Установлена взаимосвязь эффектов с комплексом типовых признаков кластера. Предложен критерий формирования эффективного кластера: максимальный уровень стоимости создаваемого кластерного образования при разных вариантах состава, структуры и условий взаимодействия участников кластера между собой и инициирующими, и координирующими это взаимодействие органами государственного управления. По мнению авторов, это позволит повысить успешность проведения региональной кластерной политики. The article is devoted to the creation of methodological foundations of clustering processes in the economic policy of the regions. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the conditions for the formation of effective clusters for the purpose of positive changes in the economic results of activities that arise due to the synergistic effects that appear in the cluster. The relationship between the effects and the complex of typical features of the cluster is established. The criterion for the formation of an effective cluster is proposed as the maximum level of the cost of the created cluster formation with different variants of the composition, structure and conditions of interaction between the cluster participants and the initiating and coordinating public administration bodies, which will increase the success of the regional cluster policy.

Arctic Corporations and Development Risks: Challenge and Response

The realities of the Russian Arctic in recent decades make it possible to determine a special phenomenon of corporate development risks, which can be structured into resource, institutional and ecosystem risks. The resource risk reflects the contradiction between the conjuncture of the global resource markets and the specific conditions for the development of unique deposits located in the Arctic zone; institutional risk — between federal norms and rules for the development of natural resource deposits and local specific conditions for the construction and operation of resource facilities in the Arctic; ecosystem risk reflects the contradiction between large-scale economic activity and the fragility of Arctic natural systems. As a result of a comparative assessment of the development risks of three Arctic corporations in Russia, it was found that the highest risk is typical for the facilities of Norilsk Nickel, the lowest — for NovaTEK, and Gaz-promneft is in the middle. Using the OLI paradigm of John Dunning, it can be argued that Arctic corpora-tions respond to the challenge of development risks by adapting their spatial, institutional and organiza-tional structure to the conditions for the development of resources and resource territories. The spatial factor is most efficiently used by Norilsk Nickel, then NovaTEK, in the strategy of adaptation to develop-ment risks, with the receipt of benefits from localization and the creation of a regional cluster, while Gaz-promneft is the least effective. The institutional factor is most effectively used by NovaTEK and Gazprom-neft, and the least by Norilsk Nickel. The organizational and structural factor as a tool for adapting to risks is most skillfully used by Gazpromneft, weaker — by NovaTEK and Norilsk Nickel. Integrally, the best positions in the strategy of adaptation to development risks are held by Gazpromneft, and the worst positions by Norilsk Nickel, which has the most significant contrast between the size of development risks and the means of adaptation to them. Strengthening the internal competencies of the company and its corporate innovation system is the most important way to successfully cope with the high risks of corporate development of resources and spaces of the Arctic.

Evaluation of regional industrial cluster innovation capability based on particle swarm clustering algorithm and multi-objective optimization

With the progress of the times and the development of science, industrial clusters have been regarded by all countries in the world as one of the important ways to enhance regional competitiveness, and become an inevitable trend of industrial development. The research on the innovation ability of industrial clusters can not only maintain sustainable development of industrial clusters and obtain sustained competitive advantages, but also provide reference for the government's policy formulation of industrial clusters. This paper aims to study the evaluation of regional industrial clusters' innovation capability based on particle swarm clustering and multi-objective optimization. This paper uses the theory of industrial cluster innovation and takes regional industrial system as the empirical research object to establish a regional industrial system capability evaluation system, which is based on the selection of indicators, combined with analytic hierarchy process and factor analysis to evaluate industrial innovation capability. On this basis, the particle swarm clustering theory is used to verify the innovation ability and evaluation index system of industrial clusters, and provide a reference for the evaluation of the innovation ability of industrial clusters. This paper divides the regional cluster innovation capability into four aspects: innovation input capability, environment support capability, self-development capability and innovation output capability, and systematically analyzes the key elements and in the composition of innovation elements and their relationships. It then constructs the evaluation index system of regional cluster innovation capability. At the same time, this paper introduces clustering analysis algorithm and swarm intelligence algorithm into regional innovation evaluation, combines particle swarm optimization algorithm and K-means clustering algorithm, and optimizes particle swarm clustering algorithm by adjusting adaptive parameters and adding fitness variance. The experimental results of this paper show that from the results of the tested innovation potential of the three industrial clusters, industrial cluster F has the strongest innovation ability, with an evaluation coefficient of 0.851, followed by industrial cluster F, which has a value of 0.623. This result is consistent with the actual innovation status of the selected industry. From this point of view, the established particle swarm clustering model for evaluating the innovation capability of regional industrial clusters is reliable and can be used to evaluate the innovation capability of different industrial clusters.

MODERN CONTENT OF STRATEGY OF REGIONAL INNOVATIVE INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER

Reasonable expediency of application of cluster strategy for the revival of national production on the whole and, in particular, industrial. Different approaches are considered in scientific publications in relation to a concept to the cluster and authorial актуалізоване determination is presented innovative regional industrial to the cluster. Certain features of institutional environment and possibility of state influence are on development of inter-branch co-operation in the conditions of застосуванняч of cluster politics. It is marked that in the conditions of кластерізації economy these processes in a country must be part of strategy of regional development. In a modern world economy clusters became one of the most effective forms of integration of productive, scientific, educational, financial and intellectual capita, what provides forming and effective development of competitive edges of regions. Certain functions and directions of activity of institute of regional cluster politics and prospect of development clusters of on a period 2027 to.

Knowledge Networks and the Role of Family Firms: The Case of an Italian Regional Cluster

Studies on open innovation (OI) have highlighted the importance of inter-organizational knowledge networks. However, little is known about OI networks established by family firms, and their roles in such knowledge networks. By focusing on one of the most important Italian footwear clusters, this paper applies Social Network Analysis to investigate the role of family firms in exchanging knowledge according to their intra-cluster position and extra-cluster openness. Our results provide novel evidence on the role of family firms in OI networks, as they suggest that family firms mainly operate as gatekeepers in the technological and managerial networks, while they act as external stars in the market and managerial networks.

EXPERIENCE OF FORMING CLUSTERS IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD

It is shown that the Russian oceanic fishing organizations in the Western Arctic are not interested in joining the regional cluster voluntarily due to the monopoly ownership of the rent income from hydrobionts extraction and foreign trade. As a consequence, the planned creation of fish clusters in the coastal regions of Russia is unlikely without institutional changes in the regulation of foreign fish trade, compulsory visits of fishing vessels to Russian ports to unload fish products and deliver them to the domestic market.

ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT IN THE CONTEXT OF PREREQUISITES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLUSTER FORMATIONS IN THE WORKS OF DOMESTIC SCIENTISTS

Historiography the concept of clusters in the evolution of Economic Thought has been formed for many years. A significant contribution to the development of the concept of cluster was made by foreign and domestic scientists. The article considers scientific works of Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian scientists, in particular: N.Y. Kalyuzhnova, I.V. Pilipenko, T.O. Kuznetsova, A.A. Tashkinov, M.V. Gryazev, S.A. Vasin, O.Y. Shakhov, Y.А. Sidelnikov, L.V. Dmitriev, G.A. Vinokurov, G.A. Yashev, V.K. Shcherbin, S.A. Vidimov, V.F. Bainev, N.I. Bogdan, S.G. Galuzova and others. For example, N. Kalyuzhnova and I. Pilipenko in their monographs reveal the aspect of cluster functioning, in particular, paying attention to the aspect of geographical agglomeration of firms operating in one or more similar sectors of the national economy. O. Voronov and O. Buryak consider the cluster as an ordered, relatively stable set of specialized enterprises that produce competitive products, taking into account the territorial localization of the economic sector. V.K. Shcherbin defines innovation clusters as complexes of enterprises (industrial companies, research centers, scientific institutions), public administration bodies, trade unions, public organizations based on the territorial concentration of networks of specialized suppliers, main producers and consumers connected by a technological chain. Based on the research conducted by the author, the author gave his own definition of the concept of «regional cluster», which is considered as a set of enterprises of related industries, the key role in the formation of which is played by the resource, historical and economic potential of a particular region. We also carried out a theoretical and methodological analysis of the formation of regional clusters in the context of sustainable development of territories, based on matrix analysis methods. The contribution of Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian scientists to the theory of cluster economic development was systematized by author, and key features of research were highlighted. The main aspects of the formation of regional clusters are considered, which made it possible to identify the main features of their functioning. The author’s hypothesis was put forward regarding the influence of system, process and situational approaches on the activity of clusters. The analysis made it possible to systematize the impact of the above-mentioned approaches on the activity of clusters depending on the stage of the life cycle. The stages of cluster formation, structural and functional intracluster connections based on process, system and situational approaches are studied, and approaches to the formation of cluster classification features are analyzed.

Whole-genome resequencing of Osmanthus fragrans provides insights into flower color evolution

Osmanthus fragrans is a well-known ornamental plant that has been domesticated in China for 2500 years. More than 160 cultivars have been found during this long period of domestication, and they have subsequently been divided into four cultivar groups, including the Yingui, Jingui, Dangui, and Sijigui groups. These groups provide a set of materials to study genetic evolution and variability. Here, we constructed a reference genome of O. fragrans ‘Liuyejingui’ in the Jingui group and investigated its floral color traits and domestication history by resequencing a total of 122 samples, including 119 O. fragrans accessions and three other Osmanthus species, at an average sequencing depth of 15×. The population structure analysis showed that these 119 accessions formed an apparent regional cluster. The results of linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay analysis suggested that varieties with orange/red flower color in the Dangui group had undergone more artificial directional selection; these varieties had the highest LD values among the four groups, followed by the Sijigui, Jingui, and Yingui groups. Through a genome-wide association study, we further identified significant quantitative trait loci and genomic regions containing several genes, such as ethylene-responsive transcription factor 2 and Arabidopsis pseudoresponse regulator 2, that are positively associated with petal color. Moreover, we found a frameshift mutation with a 34-bp deletion in the first coding region of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 gene. This frameshift mutation existed in at least one site on both alleles in all varieties of the Dangui group. The results from this study shed light on the genetic basis of domestication in woody plants, such as O. fragrans.