Nutritional and Pharmacological Properties of Bay Leaves (Laurus nobilis L.)

Laurus nobilis L., commonly known as bay leaves, is native to the southern Mediterranean region. It is a small tree belonging to the genus Laurus of the family Lauraceae. The essential oils created from the different parts of this plant, such as the leaves and flowers, have been used in the food, drug, and cosmetic industries. The essential oil chiefly consists of 1,8-cineole, sabinene, α-pinene, and p-Cymene. Researchers have reported that bay leaves possess various biological and pharmacological properties, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, insecticidal, and nematicidal activities. Pharmacological studies found that bay leaf oil could be a promising candidate with the potential for designing new drugs. The goal of this review is to summarize the ethnomedicinal importance, phytochemistry, and wide spectrum of pharmacological and therapeutic applications of bay leaves, which will be useful to researchers for further study.

Chemical composition and phytotoxicity of essential oils of Croton doctoris S. Moore (Euphorbiaceae)

Essential oils from the stems and leaves of Croton doctoris were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, resulting in 22 identified compounds. The effects of these essential oils on the germination, root and shoot growth, total chlorophyll content, potential root respiration, peroxidase activity, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and mitotic index in lettuce and onion were determined. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activity were also investigated. The results revealed that the stem oil consisted of 15 compounds, of which caryophyllene oxide (24.5%) and E-caryophyllene (13.3%) were the major constituents. The leaf oil contained E-caryophyllene (39.6%) and α-humulene (13.2%) as major compounds. The oils inhibited the germination and growth of lettuce and onion seedlings and reduced chlorophyll content, root respiration, and cell division. They also caused oxidative stress, indicated by the increased activity of the evaluated antioxidant enzymes. These abnormal physiological processes contributed to the inhibition of plant growth. The most pronounced phytotoxic effects were observed in the stem oil. The cytotoxicity tests indicated that leaf oil was more active than stem oil, resulting from the presence of biologically active sesquiterpenes that inhibit the growth of cancer cells.

Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) Seed and Leaf Oils

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Commonly known as fennel has been used in traditional medicinal plant belonging to Apiaceae. The aim of this study was to examine quality and biological activities of fennel seed and leaf oils. The oil extraction was done in Soxhlet apparatus using hexane as a solvent. The result for physicochemical properties presented significantly higher oil yield (4.39%) and peroxide value (3.90) was observed for seed oil. Significantly higher antioxidant activities with respect to DPPH (24.45±3.74) and hydrogen peroxide (62.70±0.28) free radical scavenging activities for leaf oil. However, ascorbic acid was found to be significantly higher for seed oil (82.44±4.63). The strongest antibacterial activity with maximum zone of inhibition (14.25mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 0.25µl/ml) and corresponding minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC, 0.50 µl/ml) was recorded for leaf oil extract against Staphylococcus aureus. On the other hand, the strongest antifungal activity with maximum zone of inhibition (13.50mm), MIC (0.38µl/ml, the least value) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC, 0.75µl/ml) was recorded for leaf oil against Aspergillus Niger. It can be observed from the result in this study that leaf oil extract has demonstrated more effective biological activities including both antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials.

A Review on Eucalyptus Globulus – An Authentic Herb

In the ancient time Eucalyptus globulus used for the various purpose. It is a tall and an evergreen tree that can grow up to the height of 70m and its diameter is about 4 to7ft. which was first found on the island of Tasmania in 1792 which associate to the Myrtaceae family which is commonly called as Tasmanian Blue Gum, southern blue gum or blue gum are the different names of eucalyptus globulus grow in the various parts of India. The particular species of Eucalyptus globulus have been used for various purposes. It had been found that eucalyptus is a rich source of phytochemical constituent and also possesses medicinal use. The different part of the eucalyptus is very nutritionally and highly valuable therapeutically property because of the presence of some specific chemical composition as its essential oil contain esters, carboxylic acids, aldehyde etc. phytochemical analysis of this tree has revealed that their leaf oil contain 1.8 cineole, cryptophone etc., essential oil had been extracted from its buds. The aim of this review paper is compiling all the information about eucalyptus such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-nociceptive antimicrobial, anti-fungal, anti-viral and anti-oxidant agent of the nature.

Essential oils of Uvaria boniana – chemical composition, in vitro bioactivity, docking, and in silico ADMET profiling of selective major compounds

Phytochemical investigation applying GC (gas chromatography)-MS (mass spectrometry)/GC-FID (flame ionization detection) on the hydro-distilled essential oils of the Vietnamese medicinal plant Uvaria boniana leaf and twig lead to the detection of 35 constituents (97.36%) in the leaf oil and 52 constituents (98.75%) in the twig oil. Monoterpenes, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, and sesquiterpenoids were characteristic of U. boniana essential oils. The leaf oil was represented by major components (E)-caryophyllene (16.90%), bicyclogermacrene (15.95%), α-humulene (14.96%), and linalool (12.40%), whereas four compounds α-cadinol (16.16%), epi-α-muurolol (10.19%), α-pinene (11.01%), and β-pinene (8.08%) were the main ones in the twig oil. As compared with the leaf oil, the twig oil was better in antimicrobial activity. With the same MIC value of 40 mg/mL, the twig oil successfully controlled the growth of Gram (+) bacterium Bacillus subtilis, Gram (−) bacterium Escherichia coli, fungus Aspergillus niger, and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition, both two oil samples have induced antiinflammatory activity with the IC50 values of 223.7–240.6 mg/mL in NO productive inhibition when BV2 cells had been stimulated by LPS. Docking simulations of four major compounds of U. boniana twig oil on eight relevant antibacterial targets revealed that epi-α-muurolol and α-cadinol are moderate inhibitors of E. coli DNA gyrase subunit B, penicillin binding protein 2X and penicillin binding protein 3 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with similar free binding energies of −30.1, −29.3, and −29.3 kJ/mol, respectively. Furthermore, in silico ADMET studies indicated that all four docked compounds have acceptable oral absorption, low metabolism, and appropriated toxicological profile to be considered further as drug candidates.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, SKIN IRRITAION POTENTIAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CLOVE LEAF OIL FROM WEST JAVA INDONESIA

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, SKIN IRRITATON POTENTIAL, AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CLOVE LEAF OIL FROM WEST JAVA INDONESIA. Essential oils with specific chemical compositions have the potential as a source of antioxidants in cosmetics, however, in general, essential oils are not safe because of the potential for skin irritation. This study aims is to perform fractionation to obtain clove oil with a chemical composition that is safe on the skin and does not reduce its antioxidant activity. Fractionation was performed at a temperature of 100 – 285 oC. Chemical composition was determined by Mass Chromatography Spectrometry (GC-MS), antioxidant activity by DPPH method, and irritation potential by in-vivo patch test. The results showed chemical components of clove oil were eugenol, copaene, beta caryophyllene, iso-eugenol, alpha caryophyllene, cadinene, caryophyllene oxide, caryophylla and beta caryophylla. Fractions with chemical compositions of eugenol and beta caryophyllene as the main components and copaene, iso-eugenol, alpha caryophyllene, cadinene as secondary components have very light erythema and no potential irritation to the skin. The fraction produced from the fractionation of crude clove oil at a temperature of 235 – 260 oC has the highest antioxidant activity of 10.17 mg/L.

Formulation, Physical and Chemical Stability of Ocimum gratissimum L. Leaf Oil Nanoemulsion

Ocimum gratissimum L. leaf oil exhibited many pharmacological properties. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical and chemical stability of O.gratissimum leaf oil nanoemulsion. O.gratissimum leaf oil was extracted by hydrodistillation. The major component of the essential oil eugenol, was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Nanoemulsions of O.gratissimum leaf oil were formulated using polysorbate 80, hyaluronic acid, poloxamer 188, and deionized water by phase inversion composition method. The hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index, and zeta potential value of O.gratissimum leaf oil nanoemulsion was evaluated by a dynamic light scattering technique. The %remaining of eugenol in the nanoemulsion was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The essential oil extracted from of O. gratissimum leaf oil was a clear, pale yellow color. The %yield of the essential oil was 0.15 ± 0.03% v/w. The size of the nanoemulsion was less than 106 nm. The polydispersity index of the nanoemulsion was ranging from 0.303 - 0.586 and the zeta potential value of the nanoemulsion was closely to zero, depending on the formulation component. O. gratissimum leaf oil at concentrations ranging from 0.002 - 0.012% v/v contained 35 - 41% of eugenol. The size of nanoemulsion was significantly decreased after storage at 4 °C, while significantly increased upon storage at 45 °C. The size of nanoemulsion stored at 30 °C did not significantly change. The %remaining of eugenol in the nanoemulsion was more than 90% after storage at 4 °C and 30 °C for 28 days. The percentage of eugenol remaining in the nanoemulsion stored at 45 °C was more than 85 - 90%, suggesting that the temperature affected the stability of eugenol in the nanoemulsion.

Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoencapsulated Essential Oils of Tasmannia lanceolata, Backhousia citriodora and Syzygium anisatum against Weak-Acid Resistant Zygosaccharomyces bailii in Clear Apple Juice

The anti-yeast activity of oil-in-water encapsulated nanoemulsion containing individual or a combination of the three essential oils of Tasmanian pepper leaf (Tasmannia lanceolata), lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora), and anise myrtle (Syzygium anisatum) against weak-acid resistant Zygosaccharomyces bailii in clear apple juice was investigated. The effectiveness of the shelf-life extension of Z. bailii-spiked (1 × 103 CFU/mL) clear apple juice was evaluated and compared between natural (essential oils) and synthetic (sodium benzoate) antimicrobial agents. Essential oils showed an immediate reduction in the Z. bailii cell population at day-0 and exerted a fungicidal activity at day-4 of storage, with no further noticeable growth at the end of the experiment (day-28). At lower concentrations, Tasmanian pepper leaf oil of 0.0025% had >6 log CFU/mL at day-12 of storage. For lemon myrtle essential oils, the yeast population reached >6 log CFU/mL at day-24 and day-20 for concentrations of 0.02% and 0.01%, respectively. The fungicidal activity of Tasmanian pepper leaf oil reduced from 0.005% to 0.0025% v/v when mixed at a ratio of 1:1 with anise myrtle oil. The results of the present study suggest that these three native Australian herbs have the potential to be used in the beverage industry by controlling Zygosaccharomyces bailii in clear apple juice products.

Analisis Pendapatan Usaha Penyulingan Minyak Daun Cengkeh Di Desa Buntu Barana Kecamatan Curio Kabupaten Enrekang

Penelitian ini bertujuan 1 ) untuk mengetahui berapa besar pendapatan produksi penyulingan minyak daun cengkeh dalam di Desa Buntu Barana Kecamatan Curio Kabupaten Enrekang. 2) untuk mengetahui bagaimana tingkat kelayakan usaha penyulingan minyak daun cengkeh di Desa Buntu Brana Kecamatan Curio Kabupaten EnrekangMetode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode survey yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran yang mewakili suatu daerah dengan benar, dan untuk menjangkau fakta yang terjadi di lapangan melalui kunjungan dan wawancara langsung, sehingga diperoleh gambaran secara keseluruhan pendapatan produksi penyulingan minyak daun cengkeh dalam di Desa Buntu Barana Kecamatan Curio Kabupaten Enrekangberdasarkan berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari penyulingan minyak daun cengkeh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Total Pendapatan usaha penyulingan minyak daun cengkeh di Desa Buntu Barana adalah Rp.22.586.000 selama enam bulan produksi. Hasil pendapatan responden cukup besar untuk digunakan menutupi kebutuhan hidup dan menunjang keuangan rumah tangga petani dikala tepuruknya harga komoditi pertanian utama pengusaha penyulingan minyak daun cengkeh sebagai sampel di daerah penelitian.Kelayakan usaha penyulingan minyak daun cengkeh yang diperoleh sebesar 1,42 bahwa usaha termasuk kategori layak dengan hasil R/C Ratio > 1,42 maka usaha tersebut layak untuk dikembangkan. This study aims 1) To determine how much income from the production of clove leaf oil distillation in Buntu Barana Village, Curio District, Enrekang Regency. 2) To find out the feasibility level of the business of clove leaf oil refining in Buntu Brana Village, Curio District, Enrekang Regency. The research method used is a survey method that aims to get a picture that represents an area correctly, and to reach the facts that occur in the field through visits and Direct interviews, in order to obtain an overall picture of the production income of clove leaf oil distillation in Buntu Barana Village, Curio District, Enrekang Regency based on data obtained from clove leaf oil refining. The results showed that the total income of clove leaf oil refining business in Buntu Barana Village was Rp. 22,586,000 for six months of production. The respondents 'income was large enough to be used to cover their living needs and to support farmers' household finances when the prices of the main agricultural commodities of clove leaf oil refiners were sampled in the study area. The feasibility of the business of clove leaf oil refining obtained is 1.42, that the business is in the feasible category with an R / C Ratio> 1.42, so the business is feasible to be developed.

Corrosion Inhibition Effect of Neem Leaf Oil Distillates on Low Carbon Steel in Dilute HСl and NH4Cl Acid Media

Neem leaf oil distillates (NLD) was evaluated for its corrosion inhibition properties on low carbon steel in 0.5 M HCl, 1 M HCl, 3.74 M NH4Cl and 5.61 M NH4Cl solutions. Weight loss analysis shows NLD performed effectively at all concentrations studied in HCl media with optimal inhibition efficiencies of 97.54% and 97.56% at 5% NLD concentrations. NLD performed poorly at 1-4% NLD concentration in 3.74 M and 5.61 M NH4Cl solutions with protection performance values below 50%. At 5% NLD concentration the protection performance values increased sharply to 78.53% and 79.0% at 312 h of exposure. Standard deviation values for NLD protection performance output in 0.5 M HCl solution were significantly high indicating highly unstable inhibition behavior and thermodynamic tendency to corrode with respect to exposure time. At 5% NLD concentration the standard deviation value decreased significantly. In 1 M HCl, 3.74 M NH4Cl and 5.61 M NH4Cl solutions the standard deviation values were relatively low due to improved stability of protonated NLD molecules in interaction with the steel surface. Experimental data showed 92.44%, 100%, 30.77% and 20% of NLD protection performance data from 0.5 M HCl, 1 M HCl, 3.74 M NH4Cl and 5.61 M NH4Cl solutions are above 70% inhibition value with margin of error of +7.99, +0, +11.22 and +9.72. Statistical data from analysis of variance showed exposure time dominates the performance output of NLD distillate on low carbon steel from 0.5 M HCl and 1 M HCl at values of 81.76% and 82.03% compared to the effect of NLD concentration which were negligible. In NH4Cl solution, NLD concentration dominates the protection performance output of NLD on the carbon steel compared to exposure time with values of 96.42% and 96.95%.