Implications and Preventions of Cyberbullying and Social Exclusion in Social Media: Systematic Review

Background The growth of social networking has created a paradigm in which many forms of personal communication are being replaced by internet communication technologies, such as social media. This has led to social issues, such as cyberbullying. In response, researchers are investigating cyberbullying to determine its implications in various life sectors. Objective This manuscript reviews the methods, results, and limitations of the current cyberbullying research and discusses the physical and mental repercussions of cyberbullying and social exclusion as well as methods of predicting and counteracting these events. On the basis of the findings, we discuss future research directions. Methods Using ScienceDirect, ACM Digital Library, and PubMed, 34 research articles were used in this review. A review was conducted using the selected articles with the goal of understanding the current landscape of cyberbullying research. Results Studies have analyzed correlations between depressive and suicidal ideations in subjects as well as relationships in the social, educational, and financial status of the perpetrators. Studies have explored detection methods for monitoring cyberbullying. Automated detection has yet to become effective and accurate; however, several factors, such as personal background and physical appearance, have been identified to correlate with the likelihood that a person becomes a survivor or perpetrator of web-based cybervictimization. Social support is currently common in recovery efforts but may require diversification for specific applications in web-based incidents. Conclusions Relations between social status, age, gender, and behaviors have been discovered that offer new insights into the origins and likeliness of cyberbullying events. Rehabilitation from such events is possible; however, automatic detection is not yet a viable solution for prevention of cyberbullying incidents. Effects such as social exclusion and suicidal ideations are closely tied to incidents of cyberbullying and require further study across various social and demographical populations. New studies should be conducted to explore the experiences of survivors and perpetrators and identify causal links. The breadth of research includes demographics from China, Canada, Taiwan, Iran, the United States, and Namibia. Wider ranges of national populations should be considered in future studies for accurate assessments, given global internet communication technology activity. The studies emphasize the need for formal classification terminology. With formal classification, researchers will have a more definite scope, allowing specific research on a single definable topic rather than on general bullying events and symptoms. Of all the studies, 2 used a longitudinal design for their research methodology. The low number of longitudinal studies leaves gaps between causation and correlation, and further research is required to understand the effects of cyberbullying. Research addressing ongoing victimization is required for the various forms of cyberbullying; social support offers the most effective current standard for prevention.

“Coronavirus” Innovations in Media Language and Internet Communication

The article examines the structural features of neologisms associated with coronavirus pandemic based on the texts of mass media and Internet communication. The paper uses such research methods as the continuous sampling method, the general scientific descriptive and analytical method, the methods of word-formation, structural and semantic analysis of neologisms. The authors analyzed the nominal derivatives of conventional (addition, prefix, suffixation, affixation) and occasional (inter-word overlap, graphic hybridization, substitution derivation) methods of word formation in media texts. The key elements of the sociocultural space (virus, quarantine, coronavirus, masks, etc.) that evoke negative associations in the addressee are identified. Having found and analysed nominations with the corona component, the researchers proved that this element tends to demonstrate the features of prefixoid. Neologisms with corona component are critical phenomena, negative changes in the economy, tourism, politics; they denote the living conditions that have developed during the coronavirus infection, etc. It is shown that the vocabulary of the modern Russian language is actively replenished with verbal neologisms, which areused to add expressiveness to media text; they correlate with actual phenomena of public life. The authors conclude that "coronavirus" neologisms participate in creating the expressiveness of the text, reflect reality, and allow journalists to deliver their own opinion. The results of the conducted research contribute to word-formation neology, media linguistics, can be useful to students of philological specialties, lecturers and tutors, as well as to anyone interested in active processes, which occur in the modern Russian language.

Semiotics of Advertising Communication in WEB 2.0 Network Social Services

The article is devoted to the study of semiotics in the advertising communication of web 2.0 network social services. The purpose of the article is to analyze the publications of various brands on social Internet services focused on communication with the consumer and the subsequent study of the features of the use of semiotics tools. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that the modern information society has increased interest in semiotic systems, including in the field of Internet communication. The modern vision of semiotics has gone beyond the traditional framework and defined it as part of global and local communication in web 2.0 social network services, not only between Internet users, but also in the areas of B2B and B2C. The study of the possibilities of semiotics in advertising communication on web 2.0 social platforms, using the example of search engine applications, the social network Instagram, and company sites, in this article is based on the works of R. Barthes, J. Baudrillard, Y. Lotman, and U. Eco. This material confirms our hypothesis that today, especially since the beginning of the pandemic, communication on web 2.0 services is not limited only to text with a picture/photos or videos, more and more often there are visualized scenes created with the help of graphic design with the use of symbols and iconic signs that are familiar to the consumer, which he easily decodes, since they are inscribed in his socio-cultural coordinate system. The innovation of the research is based on the fixation of modern criteria of advertising Internet communication: polycode, intertextuality and multimedia, used as a way of working with target audiences. The novelty of the material consists of the understanding that semiotics today is a new look not only at the branch of scientific knowledge, but also at the practical possibilities of sign systems in the digital age, when the sign becomes a part of the socio-cultural space, a trend of the global world, a tool for transmitting information, knowledge, positioning, a tool for manipulation, influence, and attracting attention. Thus, brands working with the audience in todays realities should take into account not only the product preferences of consumers, but also broadcast their social / civic activity.

Russian language in modern web space: dynamic processes and development trends

This article investigates new language trends in Internet communication. The goal was a comprehensive description of new features that appeared at every level of the language system functioning in the web space. Investigation of new systemic web phenomena has both relevance and perspectives, as the focus of literary language development has shifted from literary texts to web-based texts. The research material included Facebook posts and comments. The material was processed with stylistic methods (contextual, stylistic compatibility, interpretation, etc.). The synchronic analysis was accompanied with elements of diachronic commentary. The analysis also considered the normative aspect, yet the emphasis was made on the evolution of contemporary literary language influenced by digitalization and the growth of the Internet. The important factor in language transformation and development is realization of the creative function of the language in the user-generated content of the informal segment of the Internet. The multiple extralinguistic factors influencing Internet communication are described in details, but it is the creative function of the language and the features of new communication in the Internet space that are of primary importance for the development of the literary language in the Russian segment of the Internet. The study uses examples to prove the scientific hypothesis that new language phenomena on the Internet are not random, but on the contrary are systemic, as they are manifested at every language level. This allows drawing conclusions about the inevitability of transformation of the Russian language in the future, as the language will provide the communication of digital society that is already developing new ethic norms. Considering the trend on strengthening the legal frames for actions of state and transnational actors in the network space, the study of the Russian language and its trends in the Internet as one of the powerful means of soft power makes our study relevant for forming legislative mechanisms aimed at preserving Russian national interests in the international communication. The study is perspective, since it makes a significant contribution to preserving cultural and linguistic identity of Russian citizens in front of the growing international competition and uncertainty. In addition, being a linguistic study, this work deals with the issues of processing information with its increased speed and volume.

Identity as an Organizing Idea of New Vocabulary and Phraseology

The vocabulary and phraseology are considered from the standpoint of embodying the idea of identity in them. The relevance of the study is due to the need to assess the dynamics of the vocabulary of the language. It is shown that the idea of identity is verbalized in the nominations of a person according to belonging to a certain social community, which has professional status, generational, class and other characteristics. It is noticed that new phraseological units appear in the language in open groups. The novelty of the research lies in the identification of new phraseological groups, which can be partially or completely subject to lexicography. It is noted that online communication has greatly increased attention to the words group, community and the idea of a publicly represented identity. It is shown that the analytical attitude of modern media has led to an orientation towards reflection and the construction of expert assessments in the form of bright, memorable idioms, the creative class, sofa fighters, etc. The intensification of the processes of the language game is shown by the example of expressions with the word collars, releasing a color code (white, gold, platinum collars, etc.). The Internet is said to have provided opportunities to show multiplying identities. The “fourth wave of words” (after the gangster, professional, glamorous) is proposed to be considered the youth, which is formed in Internet communication and expresses the desire of this age category (youth) to know themselves, their values, belonging, purpose and place in the world.

Przekraczanie granic dialektu – przypadek śląski. Analiza funkcjonalna

Crossing the Boundaries of Dialect – the Case of Silesia: A Functional Analysis The article presents the results of a functional analysis of Silesian texts used in internet communication. The linguistic corpus consists of texts from portals and websites related to Upper Silesia, Opole Silesia and Cieszyn Silesia (including the Czech part). If the Silesian isolect is used as the main means of communication, all communication functions can be performed. Texts in the Silesian code particularly often fulfill metatextual and representational functions. For some functions, language stylization is used. As stylistic means in Silesian texts, lexical means from other codes are primarily used, i.e. from standard Polish, Czech, English, and German; lexemes with a clear slang character are included in the output codes. The commu­nicative functions of these stylistic means are primarily poetic and expressive. Przekraczanie granic dialektu – przypadek śląski. Analiza funkcjonalna W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy funkcjonalnej tekstów śląskich, wykorzysty­wanych w komunikacji internetowej. Korpus materiałowy pochodzi z portali i stron interneto­wych związanych z terenem Górnego Śląska, Śląska Opolskiego i Śląska Cieszyńskiego (łącznie z czeską częścią). W przypadku wykorzystania kodu śląskiego jako głównego środka komuni­kacji realizowane są wszystkie funkcje komunikacyjne. Teksty w kodzie śląskim szczególnie często realizują funkcję metatekstową i funkcję przedstawieniową. W wypadku niektórych funkcji sięga się po stylizację językową. W funkcji środków stylistycznych w tekstach śląskich wykorzystywane są przede wszystkim środki leksykalne z innych kodów: ogólnopolskiego, czeskiego, angielskiego, niemieckiego, w tym również leksemy o wyraźnym nacechowaniu slangowym w kodach wyjściowych. Funkcje komunikacyjne tych środków stylistycznych to przede wszystkim funkcja poetycka i funkcja ekspresywna.

Funkcje ekspresywizmów gwarowych w komunikacji internetowej

Functions of Dialectal Expressivisms in Internet CommunicationThe subject of the article is the functioning of dialectal expressivisms in unofficial internet communication. In their statements on internet forums, internet users use numerous dialectisms, a significant percentage of which are expressive lexemes. This group consists not only of dialect expressivisms, but also of neutral dialect lexemes that have become expressivisms in colloquial communication. In the analyzed texts, dialectal expressivisms perform various functions, namely nominative, evaluative, persuasive, identifying, characterizing and ludic. Often, the use of a particular lexeme involves the realization of several functions simultaneously, but only one of them is the main one, while the other is secondary. Funkcje ekspresywizmów gwarowych w komunikacji internetowejPrzedmiotem artykułu jest funkcjonowanie ekspresywizmów gwarowych w komunikacji internetowej o charakterze nieoficjalnym. Internauci w swoich wypowiedziach na forach internetowych wykorzystują liczne dialektyzmy, wśród których znaczący odsetek stanowią leksemy nacechowane ekspresywnie. Na tę grupę składają się nie tylko leksemy mające takie nacechowanie w gwarach, lecz także leksemy neutralne w wyjściowych systemach, które w komunikacji potocznej nabierają ekspresywności. Ekspresywizmy gwarowe w analizowanych tekstach pełnią różne funkcje, a mianowicie nominatywną, wartościującą, perswazyjną, identyfikującą, charakteryzującą i ludyczną. Często użycie konkretnego leksemu wiąże się z realizacją kilku funkcji równocześnie, ale tylko jedna z nich jest główna, inne – sekundarne.

Selection of Optimum Nonlinear Confusion Component of Information Confidentiality Mechanism Using Grey Theory Based Decision-Making Technique

In this age of internet communication, the security of digital information is one of the main issues. The privacy of data depends upon the encryption using some secure algorithm. The selection of robust cryptosystems to ensure confidentiality is a major concern to decrease the risk of cryptographic attacks. In this article, we have implemented a grey theory-based decision-making technique for the election of a robust cryptosystem that complies with all the cryptographic parameters. Six different already proposed encryption algorithms are selected as the alternatives of the decision-making problem and the parameters concerned for the decision are entropy, correlation coefficient, the number of pixels changing rate (NPCR), unified average changing intensity (UACI). The algorithm ranked as first by using grey-based decision-making method can be utilized for secure data encryption.

Linguistic Representation of the Image of China in Russian-Language Blogs About Chinese Art Embroidery

The image of China, whose culture and traditions are actively discussed in mass communication, is the subject of intense interest among scholars of various humanities fields. At the same time, linguistic studies very rarely involve texts of modern media communications reflecting the country’s image in the aspect of traditional art. This article examines the linguistic means of representation of the image of China reflected in the Russian-language texts of blogs about Chinese art embroidery. The topicality of the paper is determined by the interest in the study of the cultural image of the People’s Republic of China in Internet communication. The novelty of this research lies in turning to a new medialinguistic object – modern cultural and educational Russian-language texts of blogs devoted to Chinese art – and its linguistic study. As a source material the author used blogs posted on the online platform LiveJournal. The empirical material was studied using the methods of contextual and medialinguistic analysis. It was found that in these texts the media image of China is created through the prism of five main aspects of Chinese embroidery as a unique art form: the popularity and worldwide recognition of Chinese embroidery; the centuries-old history of Chinese embroidery; embroidery schools and styles of embroidery; evaluations of the texts’ authors; evaluations of the addressee. In addition, the article reveals the linguistic means that create an image of this unique art form. It is concluded that the image formed through a comprehensive description of this type of Chinese art represents China as the birthplace of silk as well as a country with ancient traditions and unique culture.