switching patterns
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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bon San Koo ◽  
Seongho Eun ◽  
Kichul Shin ◽  
Seokchan Hong ◽  
Yong-Gil Kim ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to stratify patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) according to the trend of disease activity by trajectory-based clustering and to identify the predictive factors for treatment response and the switching patterns of biologics according to trajectory groups. Methods: We analysed the data from a nationwide RA cohort from the Korean College of Rheumatology Biologics and Targeted Therapy (KOBIO) registry. Patients treated with second-line disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) were included. Trajectory modeling for clustering was used to group the disease activity trend. The predictive factors and switching patterns of biologics for each trajectory were investigated.Results: The trends in the disease activity of 688 RA patients were clustered into 4 groups: rapid decrease and stable disease activity (group 1, N = 319), rapid decrease followed by an increase (group 2, N = 36), slow and continued decrease (group 3, N = 290), and no decrease in disease activity (group 4, N = 43). In the multivariable analysis for predictive factors, current smoking (OR, 7.845; 95% CI 2.158–28.220), low hemoglobin (OR 0.694; 95% CI, 0.532–0.901), and high initial disease activity score according to the 28-joint assessment (DAS28) (OR, 2.397; 95% CI, 1.638–3.586) were significantly associated with group 4 compared with group 1. Group 1 had a higher proportion of patients who had never had switching (86.5%) and who were initially treated with non-TNF inhibitors (44.2%) compared with groups 2 (52.8% and 25%), 3 (50.3% and 23.4%), and 4 (25.6% and 18.6%).Conclusions: The trajectory-based approach was useful for clustering the disease activity in longitudinal data in patients with RA. Among the four trajectories, the group with sustained high disease activity was associated with current smoking, low hemoglobin, high initial DAS28, and frequent switching of biologics.


Author(s):  
Gilaine Ng ◽  
Hwajin Yang

Abstract Bilinguals engage in qualitatively different code-switching patterns (alternation, insertion, and congruent lexicalization) to different degrees, according to their engagement in different types of interactional contexts (single-language context, dual-language context, and dense code-switching context). Drawing on the adaptive control hypothesis, we examined whether bilinguals’ code-switching patterns would differentially shape multiple aspects of cognitive control (interference control, salient cue detection, and opportunistic planning). We found that a dense code-switching context, which predominantly involves insertion and congruent lexicalization, was positively associated with verbal opportunistic planning but negatively associated with interference control and salient cue detection. In contrast, a dual-language context, which predominantly involves alternation, was not associated with interference control or salient cue detection, but with significantly reduced response times for opportunistic planning. Our findings partially corroborate the theoretical predictions of the adaptive control hypothesis. Altogether, our study illustrates the importance of bilinguals’ disparate code-switching practices in shaping cognitive control outcomes.


Lire Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-232
Author(s):  
Sudarsono Sudarsono

The present study aims to investigate the code-switching applied by educated bilinguals. It is a quantitative and qualitative study. The data were collected from the participants doing Master and doctoral degrees at several universities in Melbourne, Australia and their spouses. The data were sorted out of the corpora recorded from discussions, conversations, a monologue equivalent with 50,117 words of talks. They were recorded from natural speeches in natural settings. The data were analyzed and interpreted analytically. The research found out that the bilinguals code-switched in their speech at a system, not at random. The code-switching patterns were categorized into Single Lexical Code-switching, Phrasal Code-switching, Intra-sentential Code-switching, and Inter-sentential Code-switching. Bilinguals code-switched from the matrix language into the embedded language to show their communicative strategy, social-cultural values, and self-expression.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-46
Author(s):  
Yoichi Sugita ◽  
Kensuke Teshima ◽  
Enrique Seira

Abstract This paper studies how exporting and importing firms match based on their capability by investigating the change in such exporter-importer matching during trade liberalization. During the recent liberalization on the Mexico-US textile/apparel trade, exporters and importers often switch their main partners as well as change trade volumes. We develop a many-to-many matching model of exporters and importers where partner switching is the principal margin of adjustment, featuring Beckerian positive assortative matching by capability. Trade liberalization achieves efficient global buyer-supplier matching and improves consumer welfare by inducing systematic partner switching. The data confirm the predicted partner switching patterns.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshio Naito ◽  
Hirotake Mori ◽  
Kazutoshi Fujibayashi ◽  
Shinichi Fukushima ◽  
Mayumi Yuda ◽  
...  

Abstract To report the status of switch rates and time-to-switch of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens by evaluating anchor drug classes and common switching patterns in Japanese people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, PLWH). This cross-sectional cohort study extracted data of 28,089 PLWH from the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan (NDB), which contains data representing the entire population of Japan. PLWH with first prescription records of ART administered between January 2011 and March 2019 were identified (n = 16,069). The median time-to-switch and switch rates of anchor drug classes were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Brookmeyer-Crowley and Greenwood methods were used to estimate 95% confidence intervals for switch rates and median days, respectively. Switch rates were compared between anchor drug classes by year using log-rank tests. A total of 3,108 (19·3%) PLWH switched anchor drug classes from first to second regimens. Switch rates increased continuously over eight years for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (14·9%–65·5%) and protease inhibitors (PIs) (13·2%–67·7%), with median time-to-switch of 1,826 and 1,583 days, respectively. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) maintained a low switch rate (3·0%–7·6%), precluding median-days calculation. The majority of patients treated initially with NNRTIs and PIs switched to INSTIs regardless of switching times (< 1 year: 67·3% and 85·9%, respectively; ≥1 year: 95·5% and 93·6%, respectively). The foremost switching strategies for first-to-second ART regimens are from NNRTI or PI to INSTI regimens that maintain low switch rates long term. INSTI HIV agents may be the most durable anchor drug class for PLWH receiving ART.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252813
Author(s):  
Songyin Fu ◽  
Rangding Wang ◽  
Li Dong ◽  
Diqun Yan

A multi-link network covert channel (MLCC) such as Cloak exhibits a high capacity and robustness and can achieve lossless modulation of the protocol data units. However, the mechanism of Cloak involving an arrangement of packets over the links (APL) is limited by its passive synchronization schemes, which results in intermittent obstructions in transmitting APL packets and anomalous link switching patterns. In this work, we propose a novel ordinal synchronization mark sequence (OSMS) for a Cloak framework based MLCC to ensure that the marked APL packets are orderly distinguishable. Specifically, a unidirectional function is used to generate the OSMS randomly before realizing covert modulation. Subsequently, we formulate the generation relation of the marks according to their order and embed each mark into the APL packets by using a one-way hash function such that the mark cannot be cracked during the transmission of the APL packet. Finally, we set up a retrieval function of the finite set at the covert receiver to extract the marks and determine their orders, and the APL packets are reorganized to realize covert demodulation. The results of experiments performed on real traffic indicated that the MLCC embedded with OSMS could avoid the passive synchronization schemes and exhibited superior performance in terms of reliability, throughput, and undetectability compared with the renowned Cloak method, especially under a malicious network interference scenario. Furthermore, our approach could effectively resist the inter-link correlation test, which are highly effective in testing the Cloak framework.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akdes Serin Harmanci ◽  
Arif O Harmanci ◽  
Xiaobo Zhou ◽  
Benjamin Deneen ◽  
Ganesh Rao ◽  
...  

Single cell RNA-sequencing has revolutionized transcriptome analysis. ScRNA-seq provides a massive resource for studying biological phenomena at single cell level. One of the most important applications of scRNA-seq is the inference of dynamic cell states through modeling of transcriptional dynamics. Understanding the full transcriptional dynamics using the concept named RNA Velocity enables us to identify cell states, regimes of regulatory changes in cell states, and putative drivers within these states. We present scRegulocity that integrates RNA-velocity estimates with locality information from cell embedding coordinates. scRegulocity focuses on velocity switching patterns, local patterns where velocity of nearby cells change abruptly. These different transcriptional dynamics patterns can be indicative of transitioning cell states. scRegulocity annotates these patterns with genes and enriched pathways and also analyzes and visualizes the velocity switching patterns at the regulatory network level. scRegulocity also combines velocity estimation, pattern detection and visualization steps.


Author(s):  
Paiboon Kiatsookkanatorn ◽  
Napat Watjanatepin

This paper proposes a novel method to reduce voltage and current ripple for the inverters by using three-level inverters with unipolar pulse width modulation (PWM) (3LFB-2U). A simple technique of switching signal generation by using carrier-based dipolar modulation of three-phase three-level inverters is extended to single-phase inverters that can be done by generating all possible switching patterns of the single-phase three-level inverters. Moreover, the concept of carrier-based dipolar modulation and the construction of reference voltages from desired output voltage and added zero voltage to control unipolar switching is also shown. The research results reveal that the proposed method can reduce the voltage and current ripple. Furthermore, the voltage and current harmonics can reduce by 27.80% and 1.79%, respectively less than two-level inverters without a loss of a simple modulation to generate the switching signals.


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