A Systematic Review of API Evolution Literature

Recent software advances have led to an expansion of the development and usage of application programming interfaces (APIs). From millions of Android packages (APKs) available on Google Store to millions of open-source packages available in Maven, PyPI, and npm, APIs have become an integral part of software development. Like any software artifact, software APIs evolve and suffer from this evolution. Prior research has uncovered many challenges to the development, usage, and evolution of APIs. While some challenges have been studied and solved, many remain. These challenges are scattered in the literature, which hides advances and cloaks the remaining challenges. In this systematic literature review on APIs and API evolution, we uncover and describe publication trends and trending topics. We compile common research goals, evaluation methods, metrics, and subjects. We summarize the current state-of-the-art and outline known existing challenges as well as new challenges uncovered during this review. We conclude that the main remaining challenges related to APIs and API evolution are (1) automatically identifying and leveraging factors that drive API changes, (2) creating and using uniform benchmarks for research evaluation, and (3) understanding the impact of API evolution on API developers and users with respect to various programming languages.

An Education Process Mining Framework: Unveiling Meaningful Information for Understanding Students’ Learning Behavior and Improving Teaching Quality

This paper focuses on the study of automated process discovery using the Inductive visual Miner (IvM) and Directly Follows visual Miner (DFvM) algorithms to produce a valid process model for educational process mining in order to understand and predict the learning behavior of students. These models were evaluated on the publicly available xAPI (Experience API or Experience Application Programming Interface) dataset, which is an education dataset intended for tracking students’ classroom activities, participation in online communities, and performance. Experimental results with several performance measures show the effectiveness of the developed process models in helping experts to better understand students’ learning behavioral patterns.

Streamlining statistical reproducibility: NHLBI ORCHID clinical trial results reproduction

Reproducibility in medical research has been a long-standing issue. More recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has publicly underlined this fact as the retraction of several studies reached out to general media audiences. A significant number of these retractions occurred after in-depth scrutiny of the methodology and results by the scientific community. Consequently, these retractions have undermined confidence in the peer-review process, which is not considered sufficiently reliable to generate trust in the published results. This partly stems from opacity in published results, the practical implementation of the statistical analysis often remaining undisclosed. We present a workflow that uses a combination of informatics tools to foster statistical reproducibility: an open-source programming language, Jupyter Notebook, cloud-based data repository, and an application programming interface can streamline an analysis and help to kick-start new analyses. We illustrate this principle by (1) reproducing the results of the ORCHID clinical trial, which evaluated the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients, and (2) expanding on the analyses conducted in the original trial by investigating the association of premedication with biological laboratory results. Such workflows will be encouraged for future publications from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded studies.

basicsynbio and the BASIC SEVA collection: Software and vectors for an established DNA assembly method

Standardized DNA assembly methods utilizing modular components provide a powerful framework to explore design spaces and iterate through Design-Build-Test-Learn cycles. Biopart Assembly Standard for Idempotent Cloning (BASIC) DNA assembly uses modular parts and linkers, is highly accurate, easy to automate, free for academic and commercial use, while enabling simple hierarchical assemblies through an idempotent format. These attributes facilitate various applications including pathway engineering, ribosome binding site tuning, fusion protein synthesis and multiplex gRNA expression. In this work we present basicsynbio, an open-source software encompassing a Web App (https://basicsynbio.web.app/) and Python Package (https://github.com/LondonBiofoundry/basicsynbio). With basicsynbio, users can access commonly used BASIC parts and linkers while robustly designing new parts and assemblies with exception handling for common design errors. Furthermore, users can export sequence data and create build instructions for manual or automated workflows. The generation of build instructions relies on the BasicBuild Open Standard which is easily parsed for bespoke workflows and is serialised in Java Script Object Notation for transfer and storage. We demonstrate basicsynbio by assembling a collection of 30 BASIC-compatible vectors using various sequences including modules from the Standard European Vector Architecture (SEVA). The BASIC SEVA collection encompasses plasmids containing six antibiotic resistance markers and five origins of replication from different compatibility groups, including a temperature-sensitive variant. We deposit the collection on Addgene under an OpenMTA agreement, making them available. Furthermore, these sequences are accessible from within the basicsynbio application programming interface along with other collections of parts and linkers, providing an ideal environment to design BASIC DNA assemblies for bioengineering applications.

PROGRAM APLIKASI PEMBELAJARAN PEMROGRAMAN JAVA YANG ATRAKTIF BERBASIS ANDROID

Di Fakultas Ilmu Komputer (FILKOM) Universitas Brawijaya, hasil review menunjukkan bahwa 76% dari 100 mahasiswa FILKOM lebih tertarik pada materi pembelajaran selain mata kuliah pemrograman esensial. Keterbatasan sumber materi yang diperoleh dan pemanfaatan teknik Student Centered Learning di FILKOM dinilai kurang mengakomodir mahasiswa untuk memahami materi pembelajaran. Dengan cara ini, kerangka pembelajaran pemrograman java elektronik yang memikat telah dibuat dengan memanfaatkan teknik gamifikasi. Bagaimanapun, penelitian dari Baidu Study mengungkapkan bahwa klien aplikasi serbaguna 97% lebih besar dari program yang hanya 76%. Beberapa penelitian terkait gamification juga mengungkapkan bahwa judul eksplorasi tambahan adalah sejauh portabilitas. Mengingat informasi ini, penting untuk mengembangkan aplikasi pembelajaran pemrograman Java dalam bentuk serbaguna yang berjalan sebagai pelanggan, sehingga kerangka kerja saat ini dapat berfungsi sebagai server. Dalam pengujian ini, aplikasi berbasis pada tahap android lokal. Untuk bertukar informasi dengan server, penting untuk membuat administrasi web yang digunakan sebagai Application Programming Interface (API). Hasil pengembangan aplikasi berbasis android mendapat 19 keunggulan utama, sedangkan hasil pengembangan administrasi web mendapat 8 kelas baru pada framework berbasis situs. Pengujian unit selesai menggunakan strategi kotak putih dan pengujian persetujuan selesai menggunakan teknik penemuan. Efek samping dari pengujian unit dan pengujian persetujuan menghasilkan nilai 100%, yang berarti bahwa semua sorotan berfungsi sesuai dengan persyaratan yang ditentukan.

E-Government 4.0: Managing APIs as Facilitators for Digital Transformation

Digital transformation is, among others, notably driven by servitization, and consequently, IT artifacts called Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), together with disruptive technologies and innovations. In order to set up proper policies, the understanding of the above factors is essential, including their influences on value adding chains. This paper therefore provides an analysis of APIs developments together with their impacts on digital transformation. As they can affect organizations and even national economies at strategic level, appropriate management from a systemic perspective is justified, including e-Government initiatives. Further, APIs cannot be treated without their relations to disruptive technologies, innovations and value chains. Therefore, the advancements of theoretical understanding of evolution of value chains, and practical directions for e-government initiatives are given in this paper. In addition, an archetype model is developed that provides a basis for further research efforts in the area. Received: 7 October 2021 / Accepted: 29 November 2021 / Published: 3 January 2022

PROGRAM APLIKASI PEMBELAJARAN PEMROGRAMAN JAVA YANG ATRAKTIF BERBASIS ANDROID PADA SISTEM INFORMASI MANAJEMEN

Di Fakultas Ilmu Komputer (FILKOM) Universitas Brawijaya, hasil review menunjukkan bahwa 76% dari 100 mahasiswa FILKOM lebih tertarik pada materi pembelajaran selain mata kuliah pemrograman esensial. Keterbatasan sumber materi yang diperoleh dan pemanfaatan teknik Student Centered Learning di FILKOM dinilai kurang mengakomodir mahasiswa untuk memahami materi pembelajaran. Dengan cara ini, kerangka pembelajaran pemrograman java elektronik yang memikat telah dibuat dengan memanfaatkan teknik gamifikasi. Bagaimanapun, penelitian dari Baidu Study mengungkapkan bahwa klien aplikasi serbaguna 97% lebih besar dari program yang hanya 76%. Beberapa penelitian terkait gamification juga mengungkapkan bahwa judul eksplorasi tambahan adalah sejauh portabilitas. Mengingat informasi ini, penting untuk mengembangkan aplikasi pembelajaran pemrograman Java dalam bentuk serbaguna yang berjalan sebagai pelanggan, sehingga kerangka kerja saat ini dapat berfungsi sebagai server. Dalam pengujian ini, aplikasi berbasis pada tahap android lokal. Untuk bertukar informasi dengan server, penting untuk membuat administrasi web yang digunakan sebagai Application Programming Interface (API). Hasil pengembangan aplikasi berbasis android mendapat 19 keunggulan utama, sedangkan hasil pengembangan administrasi web mendapat 8 kelas baru pada framework berbasis situs. Pengujian unit selesai menggunakan strategi kotak putih dan pengujian persetujuan selesai menggunakan teknik penemuan. Efek samping dari pengujian unit dan pengujian persetujuan menghasilkan nilai 100%, yang berarti bahwa semua sorotan berfungsi sesuai dengan persyaratan yang ditentukan.

What Happens When the Way to “Follow the Medium” Changes?

Digital methods allow social researchers and IT professionals to work together to produce instruments to comprehend current social phenomena. To develop these tools, they felt the need to “follow the medium” by reorganizing their data collection and analysis strategies on what they learned from the medium. For many years, digital research has been based on application programming interfaces (APIs) querying, an approach based on the extraction of records of data made available by the platforms through their programming interfaces. But what happens when the way to “follow the medium” changes? This contribution addresses the methodological challenges and the potential alternatives in research activities that affect the researchers' role due to recent restrictions. Two examples of research experience conducted before the APIs' closure are proposed in order to lead towards an initial reflection on its critical effects.

#ColonCancer: Social Media Discussions About Colorectal Cancer During the COVID-19 Pandemic

PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Social media platforms such as Twitter are extensively used to communicate about cancer care, yet little is known about the role of these online platforms in promoting early detection or sharing the lived experiences of patients with CRC. This study tracked Twitter discussions about CRC and characterized participating users to better understand public communication and perceptions of CRC during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Tweets containing references to CRC were collected from January 2020 to April 2021 using Twitter's Application Programming Interface. Account metadata was used to predict user demographic information and classify users as either organizations, individuals, clinicians, or influencers. We compared the number of impressions across users and analyzed the content of tweets using natural language processing models to identify prominent topics of discussion. RESULTS There were 72,229 unique CRC-related tweets by 31,170 users. Most users were male (66%) and older than 40 years (57%). Individuals accounted for most users (44%); organizations (35%); clinicians (19%); and influencers (2%). Influencers made the most median impressions (35,853). Organizations made the most overall impressions (1,067,189,613). Tweets contained the following topics: bereavement (20%), appeals for early detection (20%), research (17%), National Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month (15%), screening access (14%), and risk factors (14%). CONCLUSION Discussions about CRC largely focused on bereavement and early detection. Online coverage of National Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month and personal experiences with CRC effectively stimulated goal-oriented tweets about early detection. Our findings suggest that although Twitter is commonly used for communicating about CRC, partnering with influencers may be an effective strategy for improving communication of future public health recommendations related to CRC.

Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Registrasi Mahasiswa Baru dengan Metode Analisis Gugus Kendali Mutu

Pendidikan sebagai industri produk dan jasa berbasis ilmu pengetahuan dan keterampilan menghadapi persaingan yang semakin kompetitif dengan banyaknya institusi baik dalam dan luar negeri yang operasional di Indonesia. Untuk meningkatkan daya saing, maka utilisasi teknologi informasi khususnya di era revolusi industri 4.0 menjadi kunci penting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan Sistem Informasi Registrasi Mahasiswa Baru (SIRMB) menggunakan kerangka open-source web-based application serta integrasinya dengan teknologi Application Programming Interface (API) Bank BNI menjadikan layanan administrasi yang terotomasi. Proses identifikasi masalah sampai perancangan solusi SIRMB menggunakan analisis gugus kendali mutu (QCC) dengan pendekatan metode Plan-Do-Check-Action (PDCA) sehingga menjamin perbaikan yang berkesinambungan. Penelitian ini berkontribusi terhadap perbaikan 76.9% terhadap proses kerja dengan eliminasi proses kerja manual registrasi mahasiswa baru, sehingga memberikan peningkatan kualitas layanan dan peningkatan produktivitas secara keseluruhan.