Differential Evolution and Multiclass Support Vector Machine for Alzheimer’s Classification

Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s helps a doctor to decide the treatment for the patient based on the stages. The existing methods involve applying the deep learning methods for Alzheimer’s classification and have the limitations of overfitting problems. Some researchers were involved in applying the feature selection based on the optimization method, having limitations of easily trapping into local optima and poor convergence. In this research, Differential Evolution-Multiclass Support Vector Machine (DE-MSVM) is proposed to increase the performance of Alzheimer’s classification. The image normalization method is applied to enhance the quality of the image and represent the features effectively. The AlexNet model is applied to the normalized images to extract the features and also applied for feature selection. The Differential Evolution method applies Pareto Optimal Front for nondominated feature selection. This helps to select the feature that represents the characteristics of the input images. The selected features are applied in the MSVM method to represent in high dimension and classify Alzheimer’s. The DE-MSVM method has accuracy of 98.13% in the axial slice, and the existing whale optimization with MSVM has 95.23% accuracy.

A Texture Features based Robust Facial Expression Recognition

Facial expression plays an important role in communicating emotions. In this paper, a robust method for recognizing facial expressions is proposed using the combination of appearance features. Traditionally, appearance features mainly divide any face image into regular matrices for the computation of facial expression recognition. However, in this paper, we have computed appearance features in specific regions by extracting facial components such as eyes, nose, mouth, and forehead, etc. The proposed approach mainly has five stages to detect facial expression viz. face detection and regions of interest extraction, feature extraction, pattern analysis using a local descriptor, the fusion of appearance features and finally classification using a Multiclass Support Vector Machine (MSVM). Results of the proposed method are compared with the earlier holistic representations for recognizing facial expressions, and it is found that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

COVID-19 Case Recognition from Chest CT Images by Deep Learning, Entropy-Controlled Firefly Optimization, and Parallel Feature Fusion

In healthcare, a multitude of data is collected from medical sensors and devices, such as X-ray machines, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography (CT), and so on, that can be analyzed by artificial intelligence methods for early diagnosis of diseases. Recently, the outbreak of the COVID-19 disease caused many deaths. Computer vision researchers support medical doctors by employing deep learning techniques on medical images to diagnose COVID-19 patients. Various methods were proposed for COVID-19 case classification. A new automated technique is proposed using parallel fusion and optimization of deep learning models. The proposed technique starts with a contrast enhancement using a combination of top-hat and Wiener filters. Two pre-trained deep learning models (AlexNet and VGG16) are employed and fine-tuned according to target classes (COVID-19 and healthy). Features are extracted and fused using a parallel fusion approach—parallel positive correlation. Optimal features are selected using the entropy-controlled firefly optimization method. The selected features are classified using machine learning classifiers such as multiclass support vector machine (MC-SVM). Experiments were carried out using the Radiopaedia database and achieved an accuracy of 98%. Moreover, a detailed analysis is conducted and shows the improved performance of the proposed scheme.

A novel hybrid face recognition framework based on a low-resolution camera for biometric applications

In research work, human face recognition is an essential biometric symbol persistently continued so far due to its different levels of applications in society. Since the appearance of the human faces can have many variations due to issues like the effect of illumination, expression and face pose. These differences are correlated with one another, which results in a helpless ability to recognize a particular person's face. The motivation behind our work in this paper is to give a new framework for face recognition based on frequency analysis that contributes to solving the distinguishing proof issues with enormous varieties of boundaries like the effect of illumination, expression, and face pose. Here three algorithms combined for provable results: i) Difference of Gaussian filtered discrete wavelet transform (DDWT) for feature extraction; ii) Log Gabor (LG) filter for feature extraction; and iv) Multiclass support vector machine classifier, where feature coefficients of DDWT and LG filter are fused for classification and parameters evaluation. The evaluation of our experiment is carried out on a large database consisting of 15 persons of each 200-face image which are captured using a 5-megapixel low-resolution web camera and yielding satisfactory results on various parameters compared to existing methods.

Multivariate Analysis Coupled with M-SVM Classification for Lard Adulteration Detection in Meat Mixtures of Beef, Lamb, and Chicken Using FTIR Spectroscopy

Adulteration of meat products is a delicate issue for people around the globe. The mixing of lard in meat causes a significant problem for end users who are sensitive to halal meat consumption. Due to the highly similar lipid profiles of meat species, the identification of adulteration becomes more difficult. Therefore, a comprehensive spectral detailing of meat species is required, which can boost the adulteration detection process. The experiment was conducted by distributing samples labeled as “Pure (80 samples)” and “Adulterated (90 samples)”. Lard was mixed with the ratio of 10–50% v/v with beef, lamb, and chicken samples to obtain adulterated samples. Functional groups were discovered for pure pork, and two regions of difference (RoD) at wavenumbers 1700–1800 cm−1 and 2800–3000 cm−1 were identified using absorbance values from the FTIR spectrum for all samples. The principal component analysis (PCA) described the studied adulteration using three principal components with an explained variance of 97.31%. The multiclass support vector machine (M-SVM) was trained to identify the sample class values as pure and adulterated clusters. The acquired overall classification accuracy for a cluster of pure samples was 81.25%, whereas when the adulteration ratio was above 10%, 71.21% overall accuracy was achieved for a group of adulterated samples. Beef and lamb samples for both adulterated and pure classes had the highest classification accuracy value of 85%, whereas chicken had the lowest value of 78% for each category. This paper introduces a comprehensive spectrum analysis for pure and adulterated samples of beef, chicken, lamb, and lard. Moreover, we present a rapid M-SVM model for an accurate classification of lard adulteration in different samples despite its low-level presence.

Smart sheet metal forming: importance of data acquisition, preprocessing and transformation on the performance of a multiclass support vector machine for predicting wear states during blanking

In consequence of high cost pressure and the progressive globalization of markets, blanking, which represents the most economical process in the value chain of manufacturing companies, is particularly dependent on reducing machine downtimes and increasing the degree of utilization. For this purpose, it is necessary to be able to make a real-time prediction about the current and future process conditions even at high production rates. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of data acquisition, preprocessing and transformation on the performance of a multiclass support vector machine to classify abrasive wear states during blanking based on force signals. The performance of the model was quantitatively evaluated based on the model accuracy and the separability of the classes. As a result, it was shown, that the deviation of time series represents the key parameter for the resulting performance of the classification model and strongly depends on the sensor type and position, the preprocessing procedure as well as the feature extraction and selection. Furthermore, it is shown that the consideration of domain knowledge in the phases of data acquisition, preprocessing and transformation improves the performance of the classification model and is essential to successfully implement AI projects. Summarizing the findings of this study, trustworthy data sets play a crucial role for implementing an automated process monitoring as a basis for resilient manufacturing systems.