ratio rule
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2021 ◽  
pp. 152-176
Author(s):  
Christopher O. Oriakhi

Liquids and Solids introduce basic physical properties of liquids and solids. An overview of the liquid state is presented, with reference to polar covalent bonds and dipole moment. The effects of temperature on the vapour pressure of a liquid are described, including the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, which can be used to calculate the vapour pressure of a liquid at various temperatures. The chapter reviews the types of solids including their chemical structures and properties. The crystal lattice system and the unit cell relationships for the seven types of crystal lattice structures and the four substructures are examined. Guidelines for determining the number of atoms in a unit cell, including calculations involving unit cell dimensions, are explained. The ionic crystal structure, radius ratio rule for the ionic compounds and determination of crystal structure by X-ray diffraction and Bragg’s equation are covered.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. e1009322
Author(s):  
Akshay Jagatap ◽  
Simran Purokayastha ◽  
Hritik Jain ◽  
Devarajan Sridharan

Despite possessing the capacity for selective attention, we often fail to notice the obvious. We investigated participants’ (n = 39) failures to detect salient changes in a change blindness experiment. Surprisingly, change detection success varied by over two-fold across participants. These variations could not be readily explained by differences in scan paths or fixated visual features. Yet, two simple gaze metrics–mean duration of fixations and the variance of saccade amplitudes–systematically predicted change detection success. We explored the mechanistic underpinnings of these results with a neurally-constrained model based on the Bayesian framework of sequential probability ratio testing, with a posterior odds-ratio rule for shifting gaze. The model’s gaze strategies and success rates closely mimicked human data. Moreover, the model outperformed a state-of-the-art deep neural network (DeepGaze II) with predicting human gaze patterns in this change blindness task. Our mechanistic model reveals putative rational observer search strategies for change detection during change blindness, with critical real-world implications.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Anthony Fardet ◽  
Kenny Aubrun ◽  
Edmond Rock

Abstract Objective: To extend analyses of nutrition transition in developed countries to China within the framework of the 3Vs rule considering degree of processing starting with industrially processed foods (IPFs, Rule 1), plant/animal calorie ratio (Rule 2), and food diversity through nutrient intakes (Rule 3). Design: Total and main food group (n = 13) calorie intakes, percentages of animal and IPF calories, adequacy of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) and prevalence of chronic diseases were retrieved from scientific literature and international databases. Setting: China, 1990-2019 Participants: Overall population Results: The total calorie intake decreased by 9% over thirty years while the prevalence of chronic diseases substantially increased. Percentages of IPFs (Rule 1) and animal (Rule 2) calorie intake shifted from 9 to 30% and 2 to 30%, respectively. Meanwhile, the overall DRI adequacy (Rule 3) did not improve, with calcium and retinol deficiencies in 2019, and, although remaining above DRI, iron, copper, magnesium, and vitamins E, C and B1-B9 intakes regularly decreased. Notably, the prevalence of obesity increased five-fold, paralleling the exponential increase in IPF calorie intake. Both sources of calories were highly correlated with prevalence of main chronic diseases. Conclusions: Despite a slight decreased of total calorie consumption and rather good compliance with DRI, the farther the Chinese population moved away from the 3Vs rule during the 1990-2019 period, the more the prevalence of chronic diseases increased. Further analyses on foods’ transitions will be better assessed when advocating sources/quality of calories (Rules 1/2), rather than only nutrient composition (Rule 3).


Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1072
Author(s):  
Haipeng Xing ◽  
Ke Wang ◽  
Zhi Li ◽  
Ying Chen

The 2007–2008 financial crisis had severe consequences on the global economy and an intriguing question related to the crisis is whether structural breaks in the credit market can be detected. To address this issue, we chose firms’ credit rating transition dynamics as a proxy of the credit market and discuss how statistical process control tools can be used to surveil structural breaks in firms’ rating transition dynamics. After reviewing some commonly used Markovian models for firms’ rating transition dynamics, we present several surveillance rules for detecting changes in generators of firms’ rating migration matrices, including the likelihood ratio rule, the generalized likelihood ratio rule, the extended Shiryaev’s detection rule, and a Bayesian detection rule for piecewise homogeneous Markovian models. The effectiveness of these rules was analyzed on the basis of Monte Carlo simulations. We also provide a real example that used the surveillance rules to analyze and detect structural breaks in the monthly credit rating migration of U.S. firms from January 1986 to February 2017.


Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 2191-PUB
Author(s):  
ISRAEL HODISH ◽  
MARK WILLIS ◽  
SAJITHA SRITHARAN ◽  
ERAN BASHAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 321-323
Author(s):  
Hayleigh Bosher

Abstract Michael Skidmore v Led Zeppelin No 16-56057, DC No 2:15-cv-03462-RGK-AGR, 9 March 2020 The US Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal upheld that Led Zeppelin's song Stairway to Heaven did not infringe the copyright of the instrumental song ‘Taurus’ and overruled circuit precedent to reject the inverse ratio rule.


VUZF Review ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Igor Britchenko ◽  
Maksym Bezpartochnyi ◽  
Yaroslava Levchenko

The purpose of the article is to develop a methodology for alternative substantiation of financial support for bridge construction. To achieve the purpose, the following general scientific and special methods and techniques of research were used: “golden ratio” rule; systematization and generalization; generalization of the results of the analysis and the logical generation of conclusions. Initially, the article analyzed the state of bridge structures in Europe and Ukraine. Based on the analysis, a disappointing situation has been identified, namely that a significant ratio of bridges number require major overhaul or are in critical condition. During the research, the following tasks were solved, namely: physical wear of the bridge as a failure was considered; the feasibility of investing in reconstruction or new bridge construction was determined. For the purpose of rational use of financial resources, which are limited in the age of economic challenges, and on the basis of the rule of “golden proportion”, the maximum percentage of investment in reconstruction is determined. If the limit is exceeded, it is decided to build a new bridge. This result allows making an economically sound decision and evaluating the effectiveness of the invested resources. It is proved that if the wear index of the overhaul bridge construction is higher than the wear rate of the new bridge construction by λ2 / λ1, and the amount of funds for overhaul reaches 70% of the funds needed to build a new one, it is better to build a new bridge.


2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 20018
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Kazankov ◽  
Vladimir Gubin

Exploring man, the modern psychology of Europe and America began to actively apply the concepts stability and/or resistance that, in Russia psychology, are combined into one concept — ustoychivost’. In modern psychology, there is no methodology for numerically assessing human ustoychivost’. The article presents the author’s scale of numerical evaluation of ustoychivost ’person and outlines an approach to the formation of its road map. Human ustoychivost ’refers to his ability to maintain health at the psychophysiological, psychological and psychosocial levels of life, forming the unity of the individual, personality and the subject of work in a person. Three hypotheses are put forward. Hypothesis 1: it is possible to numerically establish human ustoychivost ' if you create a scale for assessing it by applying the golden ratio rule — the stability scale for the golden ratio (SUGP). Hypothesis 2: if a person subjectively evaluates his ustoychivost ’in the range from 0.382 to 0.618, then objectively he is stability; if a person subjectively evaluates his ustoychivost ’in the intervals from 0.382 to 0 or from 0.618 to 1, then objectively he is resistance. To test the hypotheses put forward, an experiment on a sample of firefighters is presented, which confirms their fidelity, and also indicates the appropriateness of using SUGP in extreme psychology, labor psychology.


2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuvya T. Amsel
Keyword(s):  

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 20180693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Reding ◽  
Molly E. Cummings

Choice of social group can affect the likelihood of survivorship and reproduction for social species. By joining larger social groups—shoals—small freshwater fish like the mosquitofish Gambusia affinis can reduce predation risk and forage more efficiently. We tested shoal choice in mosquitofish to determine whether such choices are economically rational, i.e. consistent and optimal. Although many studies of decision-making assume rational choice, irrational decision-making is common and occurs across contexts. We tested rationality of shoaling decisions by testing the constant ratio rule, which states that the relative preference for two options should not change in the presence of a third option. Female mosquitofish upheld this rule when tested for shoal preference based on group size. Our results contrast with other studies showing violations of the constant ratio rule in foraging and mate choice decision-making contexts. These results suggest that decisions that immediately influence survivorship or decision-making along a single dimension may favour rational decision-making.


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