OwnKit: Ownership Inference for Java

<p>Object ownership allows us to statically control run-time aliasing in order to provide a strong notion of object encapsulation. Unfortunately in order to use ownership, code must first be annotated with extra type information. This imposes a heavy burden on the programmer, and has contributed to the slow adoption of ownership. Ownership inference is the process of reconstructing ownership type information based on the existing ownership patterns in code. This thesis presents OwnKit—an automatic ownership inference tool for Java. OwnKit conducts inference in a modular way: by only considering a single class at the time. The modularity makes our algorithm highly scalable in both time and memory usage.</p>

OwnKit: Ownership Inference for Java

<p>Object ownership allows us to statically control run-time aliasing in order to provide a strong notion of object encapsulation. Unfortunately in order to use ownership, code must first be annotated with extra type information. This imposes a heavy burden on the programmer, and has contributed to the slow adoption of ownership. Ownership inference is the process of reconstructing ownership type information based on the existing ownership patterns in code. This thesis presents OwnKit—an automatic ownership inference tool for Java. OwnKit conducts inference in a modular way: by only considering a single class at the time. The modularity makes our algorithm highly scalable in both time and memory usage.</p>

The structure balance of gene-gene networks beyond pairwise interactions

Despite its high and direct impact on nearly all biological processes, the underlying structure of gene-gene interaction networks is investigated so far according to pair connections. To address this, we explore the gene interaction networks of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae beyond pairwise interaction using the structural balance theory (SBT). Specifically, we ask whether essential and nonessential gene interaction networks are structurally balanced. We study triadic interactions in the weighted signed undirected gene networks and observe that balanced and unbalanced triads are over and underrepresented in both networks, thus beautifully in line with the strong notion of balance. Moreover, we note that the energy distribution of triads is significantly different in both essential and nonessential networks compared with the shuffled networks. Yet, this difference is greater in the essential network regarding the frequency as well as the energy of triads. Additionally, results demonstrate that triads in the essential gene network are more interconnected through sharing common links, while in the nonessential network they tend to be isolated. Last but not least, we investigate the contribution of all-length signed walks and its impact on the degree of balance. Our findings reveal that interestingly when considering longer cycles the nonessential gene network is more balanced compared to the essential network.

GENDER ANALYSIS ON THE MISIOGYNIS HADITHS IN AL-KUTUB AL-TIS’AH

In patriarchal culture, some hadith texts are as main sources of legitimacy for dehumanization of women. The hadith texts are documented in the popular hadith books. This, encourages the strong notion that Islam supports discrimination against women. Whereas, the Prophet Muhammad SAW. has made great efforts in humanizing women. The role of the Prophet in humanizing women is manifested in the discourse of hadith. thus, a new understanding is needed in interpreting misogynistic hadiths. In this context, this study aims to reread the misogynistic hadiths in al-Kutub al-Tis'ah (Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan Abu Dawud, Sunan at-Turmudzi, Sunan Ibn Majah, Sunan ad-Darimi, Musnad Muwaththa' Iman Malik, Musnad Ahmad bin Hanbal) that related to women as personal, worship, marriage, and public spaces. To achieve this purpose, this study uses takhrij method by confirming from various hadith. As part of the data analysis, this study used gender analysis to map the form of discrimination and reinterpretation of the hadiths. The study conclude that there are 60 misogynistic hadith texts in five forms (22 subordinations, 18 violence, 15 stereotypes, 3 marginalizations, and 2 double burdens), caused by textual, partial and unhistorical interpretations. The rereading of the hadith texts is done holistically by linking and presenting verses of the Qur'an, hadiths and other texts integratively, comprehensively, taking into account historical aspects, and basic ideas of hadith. Keywords: Hadith Text, Misogynist, al-Kutub al-Tis`ah, Humanizing Women

Altered structural balance of resting-state networks in autism

What makes a network complex, in addition to its size, is the interconnected interactions between elements, disruption of which inevitably results in dysfunction. Likewise, the brain networks’ complexity arises from interactions beyond pair connections, as it is simplistic to assume that in complex networks state of a link is independently determined only according to its two constituting nodes. This is particularly of note in genetically complex brain impairments, such as the autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which has a surprising heterogeneity in manifestations with no clear-cut neuropathology. Accordingly, structural balance theory (SBT) affirms that in real-world signed networks, a link is remarkably influenced by each of its two nodes’ interactions with the third node within a triadic interrelationship. Thus, it is plausible to ask whether ASD is associated with altered structural balance resulting from atypical triadic interactions. In other words, it is the abnormal interplay of positive and negative interactions that matters in ASD, besides and beyond hypo (hyper) pair connectivity. To address this question, we explore triadic interactions based on SBT in the weighted signed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging networks of participants with ASD relative to healthy controls (CON). We demonstrate that balanced triads are overrepresented in the ASD and CON networks while unbalanced triads are underrepresented, providing first-time empirical evidence for the strong notion of structural balance on the brain networks. We further analyze the frequency and energy distributions of different triads and suggest an alternative description for the reduced functional integration and segregation in the ASD brain networks. Moreover, results reveal that the scale of change in the whole-brain networks’ energy is more narrow in the ASD networks during development. Last but not least, we observe that energy of the salience network and the default mode network are lower in ASD, which may be a reflection of the difficulty in dynamic switching and flexible behaviors. Altogether, these results provide insight into the atypical structural balance of the ASD brain (sub) networks. It also highlights the potential value of SBT as a new perspective in functional connectivity studies, especially in the case of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Banez’s Big Problem: The Ground of Freedom

While many philosophers of religion are familiar with the reconciliation of grace and freedom known as Molinism, fewer by far are familiar with that position initially developed by Molina’s erstwhile rival, Domingo Banez (i.e., Banezianism). My aim is to clarify a serious problem for the Banezian: how the Banezian can avoid the apparent conflict between a strong notion of freedom and apparently compatibilist conclusions. The most prominent attempt to defend Banezianism against compatibilism was (in)famously endorsed by Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange. Even if it were true that freedom does not require alternative possibilities, Banezians have a grounding problem.

The Democratic Impact of Strengthening European Fundamental Rights in the Digital Age: The Example of Privacy Protection

In times of digital pervasion of everyday life, the EU has strengthened a normative idea of European fundamental rights, especially by referring to a strong notion of privacy protection. A normative corridor is evolving with the “right to privacy” at its heart, a right that will be instrumental in shaping the European legal architecture’s future structure. In this Article we argue that the constitutional protection of privacy rights is not only of individual relevance but also of major democratic significance: it protects the integrity of the communication structures that underpin democratic self-determination. The debate on privacy protection, however, often lacks a democratic understanding of privacy and misses its public value. Following an interactionist understanding of privacy and a discourse-theoretical model of democracy, our argument puts forward a conceptual link between privacy and the idea of communicative freedom. From this perspective, the substantiation of a European fundamental right to privacy can be seen as a possible contribution to promoting European democracy in general.

Provable Limitations of Acquiring Meaning from Ungrounded Form: What Will Future Language Models Understand?

Language models trained on billions of tokens have recently led to unprecedented results on many NLP tasks. This success raises the question of whether, in principle, a system can ever “understand” raw text without access to some form of grounding. We formally investigate the abilities of ungrounded systems to acquire meaning. Our analysis focuses on the role of “assertions”: textual contexts that provide indirect clues about the underlying semantics. We study whether assertions enable a system to emulate representations preserving semantic relations like equivalence. We find that assertions enable semantic emulation of languages that satisfy a strong notion of semantic transparency. However, for classes of languages where the same expression can take different values in different contexts, we show that emulation can become uncomputable. Finally, we discuss differences between our formal model and natural language, exploring how our results generalize to a modal setting and other semantic relations. Together, our results suggest that assertions in code or language do not provide sufficient signal to fully emulate semantic representations. We formalize ways in which ungrounded language models appear to be fundamentally limited in their ability to “understand”.

Contiguity, Continuity, and Continuous Change

This study brings to light Alexander of Aphrodisias’ modification of the notion of continuity found in Aristotle’s Physics V.3. It shows that Alexander’s interpretation of the definitions of contact and contiguity is based on his assumption that continuity is equivalent to unity and therefore he interprets Physics V.3 in terms of a strong notion of continuity which holds for continuous wholes whose motion is one. It shows further that this sense is incompatible with Aristotle’s account of continuous motion but useful for explaining the beginning of change. Its possible atomistic implications are avoided because the efficacy of the cause of change, which varies from case to case, determines the actual divisions of a continuum.

Unconditional Responsibility in the Face of Disastrous Violence

This essay draws attention to the question how a strong notion of unconditional responsibility in the face of the other’s mortality (as it was claimed by Emmanuel Levinas) is related to the historical experience of a disastrous violence that seems to annihilate not only numerous bodies, lives, identities and histories but, rather, any responsible religio to the other – whether living or dead. It is well known, that Levinas claimed that human responsibility demands not to let the other alone in his death. But if the other is already dead – like numerous others who share the same fate – keeps human responsibility silent, then? And how is this religio of human responsibility related to forms of disastrous violence which seem to deny it?