political determinants
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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Dickson-Swift ◽  
Ron Knevel ◽  
Teejeshere Kangutkar

Abstract Poor oral health continues to be one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide consuming one-fifth of out-of-pocket health expenditure [1-3]. In 2017, it was estimated that oral diseases affect close to 3.5 billion people worldwide, with caries (dental decay) of permanent teeth being the most common condition [4]. It is estimated that 44% of all people worldwide are suffering from untreated caries in primary and permanent teeth [5]. International data indicates that dental caries is one of the most prevalent health conditions [6-8] and a leading cause of preventable hospitalization [6]. Poor oral health is also associated with a number of other chronic diseases including stroke and cardiovascular disease [9, 10]. People’s ability to look after their oral health is impacted by a range of social, economic, environmental and political determinants [11] and the impact of COVID-19 on oral health is hypothesised to be significant.


2021 ◽  
pp. 0143831X2110632
Author(s):  
Giorgos Gouzoulis ◽  
Collin Constantine ◽  
Joseph Ajefu

This study examines the drivers of the steady decline in South Africa’s private sector labour share between 1971 and 2019. The focus on South Africa is instructive as its distributional contestation is bounded in a matrix of racial conflict. Crucial reforms on trade, finance and welfare were undertaken since 1994, but the study finds little evidence that the extension of the franchise promoted egalitarianism, since white economic elites invested in de facto political power. This study employs an Unrestricted Error Correction Model to estimate the drivers of the private sector labour share, and the findings suggest that globalisation, financialisation and public spending have decreased the labour share, while the effects of education have been positive but insufficient to halt the decline.


Author(s):  
Élgen Soares Mendes ◽  
Letícia Moreira Sígolo ◽  
Renata Ferraz de Toledo

COVID-19 provided important reflections about the organization of cities and housing, its influence on health and the need for us to act towards the construction of a more sustainable world with fewer inequalities. This paper aimed at analyzing the relationship between health, housing and sustainability, and how these themes are interconnected and related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) set forth in the 2030 Agenda. This is a study of a theoretical and conceptual nature with a qualitative approach, conducted by means of a bibliographic review. The analysis of 15 articles selected enabled the elaboration of three categories: the first addresses the housing-health connection; the second, in a more macro scale, analyzes the relationship between city, health and sustainability; and the third highlights the relevance of participative processes to strengthen public policies. The relevance of analyzing the ‘health of housing and cities’ in an interdisciplinary and intersectoral way was evidenced, considering the various environmental, social, cultural, economic and political determinants, among others, and their connections towards sustainability, and health as cross-sectional to all SDGs, which requires strengthening of healthy public policies. It is ethically imperative to create and expand spaces for dialog to qualify public policies in the interface of the health, environment and urban planning areas, as well as to face situations of socio-environmental vulnerability and health inequalities. The current scenario of the COVID-19 pandemic reinforces this evidence and requires greater approximation between science, politics and society.


2021 ◽  
pp. 186810262110207
Author(s):  
Diego Telias ◽  
Francisco Urdinez

This study investigates a novel dataset comprised of a universe of 537 donations in 33 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, between 11 February and 20 June 2020, which provides a high level of detail on China’s and Taiwan’s mask diplomacy. We describe who the main donors were, who the main recipients were, what was donated to each country, and which variables explain why some countries received more aid than others. Drawing on previous literature, the article advances understanding about the political determinants of these donations. Our findings revealed that, although seemingly uncoordinated, donations made by China’s central government, Chinese companies, cities, and foundations were strongly affected by two political determinants, namely the recipient’s partnership status with China and the One China Policy. Furthermore, aid provided by China’s Central Government was larger in autocracies than in democracies.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Leila Simona Talani ◽  
Fabiana De Bellis

The COVID-19 crisis caused unprecedented disruption in terms of human losses, economic damages, social isolation, and general malaise. It seems that, although the advice of the scientific communities to adopt rigorous measures of track and tracing, mass testing, and lock down was often considered at odds with economic performance, eventually it was precisely that kind of advice that avoided the economic debacle. This article will try and find out the reasons why Italy was more efficient and effective in implementing the measures suggested by national and transnational scientific communities. The article will do so by answering the following questions: (1) What are the political determinants of the different state responses to the pandemic? (2) Why have epistemic communities’ receipts to exit the COVID-19 crisis been ignored in some countries to follow a misguided economic logic? (3) Has the state response to the crisis anything to do with the importance of neo-liberalism and neo-liberal forces in the organization of the economy or have populist countries been less efficient than others as suggested in the recent literature on the subject?


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Prats ◽  
Helen Harris ◽  
Juan Andrés Pérez

During the last three decades, Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as a new contractual arrangement to provide infrastructure investment and services. Examining the evolution of PPPs contracts in emerging countries, this paper analyses the role played by political institutions and partisanship showing that: (i) PPPs are more used when governmental and legislative transaction costs increase; and (ii) political partisanship does not explain the use and consolidation of PPPs as a contractual arrangement. The paper also confirms the relevance of macroeconomic and institutional quality variability variables found in previous literature and sheds new light regarding the political economy of PPPs, especially on how political governance structures shape incentives for using PPPs as a contractual mechanism.


2021 ◽  
pp. 000313482110385
Author(s):  
Shaneeta M. Johnson ◽  
John H. Stewart

Inequities in society and health care combined with underlying structural and systemic racism have demonstrated significant consequences which have resulted in a renewed focus on the current state of diversity in health care and the field of surgery. However, efforts to combat racism and increase diversity and inclusion at all levels in the field of surgery require a comprehensive review, significant commitment, and purposeful action to achieve. These actions must include increasing diversity within training program recruitment, improving retention of minority and under-represented trainees, and implementing inclusive, transparent pathways to promotion, leadership, and involvement in scientific inquiry. This symposium brings together experts in surgery, health equity and policy to address antiracism, diversity, equity, and inclusion in a comprehensive manner ranging from workforce diversity and promotion, pipeline diversity, scholarly pursuits, social and political determinants of health.


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