Impact of agrotechnical methods on improvement of sowing qualities of F1 seeds of sunflower hybrid Fakel on hybridization plot (report I)

The studies were carried out in 2020 at the "Berezanskoye" agricultural enterprise located in the Korenovsky district of the Krasnodar region. The aim of the research was to establish the possibility of improving the sowing qualities and yielding properties of the forming F1 seeds in the hybridization plot of a simple interline hybrid of sunflower Fakel. We studied the influence of various complexes of agrotechnical methods on plants of the maternal form of sunflower: application of the fertilizers, biological preparations and protection means against diseases and pests. The after-effect of the positive impact of the preparations was investigated in 2021 in a field experiment on studying the field germination of F1 seeds of the sunflower hybrid Fakel. It was found that during the formation of F1 seeds of the hybrid Fakel at the hybridization plot, the best results in terms of seed quality were obtained using a complex of fertilizers and chemical plant protection, where the highest values of the indicators of the yield structure were noted (diameter and formation of a head, seed amount per a head, 1000 seed weight, and volume weight). This made it possible in F1 to have lower losses of field germination for the formation of a scientifically based plant density. As a result of phytoexamination of grown seeds, it was revealed that the use of protective measures at the hybridization plot during the growing season of plants of the maternal form of the hybrid Fakel made it possible to increase the percentage of formed healthy seeds. The best data on the level of field germination of seeds were obtained when using biological plant protection and microbiological fertilizers at the hybridization plot. This ensured the smallest loss of germination at the scientifically grounded plant density of the hybrid Fakel in F1.

Weather Factors and Their Influence on the Adaptive Properties of Winter Wheat Varieties in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

The yield potential of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is formed in changing weather conditions and depends on the proposed agro-technological measures, to which the response of a particular variety is different. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of weather factors on the field germination of soft winter wheat seeds, the growth and development of plants in the autumn and wintering in the zone of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, by sowing high-quality basic seed, careful soil preparation and the presence of optimum environmental factors. A sufficient level of productive soil moisture, which protects young shoots from possible deficiency after germination and is a long-term source of moisture at the next stages of organogenesis, has a great influence on obtaining friendly and timely shoots. Often overwintering conditions, when plants suffer from low negative temperatures at the beginning and at the end of the winter period, ground ice crust, resumption of vegetation in winter are the causes of freezing, loss, and ultimately a decrease in yield and seed quality. It has been confirmed that an increase in the temperature regime in 244-247°C in the autumn-winter period and the optimal amount of precipitation contribute to sufficient (31.6-34.6 mm) productive soil moisture (0-20 cm), which positively influences the process of germination of soft winter wheat, provides a high percentage of field germination of seeds of varieties (93.8-94.5%), lengthens the autumn development of plants by 3-12 days, which causes 3.5-5.7% higher accumulation of sugar content in the tillering nodes and a high percentage of overwintering (up to 95.5-96.4%). Varieties of the forest-steppe ecological type of soft winter wheat have insignificant phenotypic variability of adaptive traits, therefore, in the production of grain and seed products, it is recommended to give preference to the plant varieties listed in the Register, suitable for distribution in Ukraine for the Forest-Steppe zone, Polissya. The recommendations set out in this scientific work will help agricultural producers of the studied soil and climatic zone to carry out an effective, more ecologically plastic, highly productive variety replacement

The Study on sowing time effect on millet (Panicum miliaceum.L) green mass in the central

The one of the best crops grown in Mongolia is Mongolian rice, which is drought-tolerant, has a good reproductive ability, easy processing and easy to prepare for food. The study was conducted in the field of the Institute of Plant and Agriculture Science in Khongor soum of Darkhan-Uul aimag in 2017-2019. The variety named Saratovskaya 853 was sown in the 10 June, 20 June and 10 June. Millet variety Saratovskaya 853 was planted in the 9 research stages /a stage covers 3m2/ and, they were spacing between 0.5 m from each other. The millet seed were planted in the 6 centimeter deep from ground and planted in the lines between 15 centimeters. During this study, we planted 3 million seed per hectare in 3 times repetition. When millet was grown for green fodder, the field germination rate was 76.4-77.2 percent. The crop version of the 10.June was 308.8 c/ha green mass, which is higher 42.6-82.6 c/ha, but the grass yield was 83.6 c / ha, which is higher respectively 31.0-29.2 c / ha than other crop version. Тариалангийн төв бүсэд бог будаа (Panicum miliaceum.L)-ны ногоон массын ургацад тарих хугацааны нөлөө Бог будаа нь хүнс, тэжээлийн нэг наст үет ургамал. Манай орны тариачин ардууд ганд тэсвэртэй,үржих чадвар өндөр, боловсруулах багаж төхөөрөмжийн шаардлага бага, хүнс тэжээлд хэрэглэхэд амар хялбар зэрэг өвөрмөц онцлогтой түгээмэл тариалагдаж байсан унаган таримлын нэг бол бог будаа юм[4]. Туршлага судалгааг 2017-2020 онд Дархан-Уул аймгийн Хонгор сумын нутаг дахь УГТХүрээлэнгийн судалгааны талбарт явууллаа. Бог будааны Саратовская-853 сортыг мөр хооронд 15 см зайтайгаар 6 см гүнд 6 дугаар сарын 10,20, 30 гэсэн хугацаанд нэг га талбайд 3 сая.ширхэг нормоор тус бүр 3 давталтайгаар нэг дэвсгийн хэмжээ 3м2 нийт 9 дэвсэгт тариалсан. Бог будааг ногоон тэжээлд зориулан тариалахад судалгаа явуулсан жилүүдийн хээрийн цухуйц 76.4-77.2 хувийн цухуйцтай байлаа. Ногоон массын ургацаар 6 дугаар сарын 10-ны хугацааны хувилбар 308.8 ц/га ногоон массын ургацыг бүрдүүлж бусад хугацааны хувилбараас 42.6-82.6 ц/га, өвсний 83.6 ц/га ургацыг бүрдүүлж бусад хугацааны хувилбараас 31.0-29.2 ц/га ургацаар тус тус илүү байлаа. Түлхүүр үг: Талбай, хувилбар, давталт, өвс, чанар

Cosmetic Stay-green Trait in Snap Bean and the Event Cascade That Reduces Seed Germination and Emergence

The persistent color (pc) trait in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a member of the stay-green gene family and falls into the cosmetic subclass. Cosmetic stay-green variants remain green but lose photosynthetic competence during senescence. It is an economically useful trait in snap bean as a result of its effects on pod quality. The trait produces a dark-green, uniform appearance of fresh pods, but has other pleiotropic effects, including a light-green seed color, bleached-white cotyledons on emergence, and foliage and pods that remain green even while senescing. One additional pleiotropic effect is reduced field germination and emergence compared with white- and colored-seeded genotypes. Nevertheless, with the aid of seed-applied fungicides, pc types occupy ≈40% of commercial snap bean acreage in the United States. This research project was aimed at understanding why and how germination and emergence is affected in pc beans. The effect is thought to be related to soil-borne pathogens because fungicide treatment of pc seeds increases germination and emergence rates to levels comparable to treated white- and colored-seeded genotypes. For our experiments, we increased seeds of 45 experimental lines and commercial cultivars (25 of which were pc) under uniform growing conditions. Initial experiments documented that, in the laboratory, all seeds analyzed in a tetrazolium test had high viability. Furthermore, untreated seeds of pc and non-pc types germinated in the laboratory showed no difference in germinability, whereas in the field, germination of pc types was reduced significantly. In addition, pc types showed substantially greater infection rates of seeds and seedlings, with the main pathogen being Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. phaseoli Kendrick & Snyder. Water uptake by green pc seeds was significantly more rapid than white and colored seeds. Measurements of electrical conductivity revealed that pc types had greater solute leakage than other seed types. When seed anatomic structure was examined, pc types had a significantly thinner testa, especially the osteosclereid layer. The reduction in germination and emergence appears to begin with a thinner, more fragile testa showing increased cracking that may happen during seed harvest and conditioning (but certainly does happen during imbibition), allowing more rapid water uptake during germination that leads to testa rupture. Increased and rapid solute diffusion into the surrounding spermosphere stimulates and attracts pathogens to colonize the seeds before seedlings can become established. Seed handling and conditioning processes before planting could be modified to improve field emergence and stand establishment. Selection for thicker testa may also mitigate some of the damage observed during germination of pc cultivars.

EFFICIENCY OF APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PRODUCTS ON SOYBEAN CROPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NON-BLACK SOIL ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Ecologically sustainable and economically feasible crop cultivation technologies, including application of biologically active substances, are required for formation of a consistently high and excellent soybean yield. These substances, when used in minimal doses for pre-sowing treatment of seeds and vegetative plants, provide high field germination and plant resistance to unfavorable environmental factors, promote an increase in productivity by ensuring accelerated germination of seeds, their increased germination capacity and resistance to unfavorable agro-climatic conditions of the growing season. The aim of the research was to determine the degree of influence of various combinations of biological products and treatment methods on growth processes and productivity of soybean of the northern ecotype. The influence of various types of pre-sowing seed treatment on germination energy, germination capacity and morphometric parameters of soybean shoots was studied. The biological product “Floravit” was used in the experiments in combination with rhizotorphin, seeds were treated before sowing; the germination energy, laboratory and field germination capacity were found. Also, additional treatment of vegetating plants was carried out with the biological product “Floravit”. Observations of the symbiotic activity of plants were carried out, the productivity of plants was recorded at the end of the growing season. It was found that soaking of soybean seeds in water solution of “Floravit” (concentration - 1.4 · 10-4 g / ml; consumption - 1 l / kg) with subsequent treatment with rhizorphin (consumption - 3–5 g / kg) has a growth-stimulating effect at the initial stages of plant development, promotes fast and friendly shoots. Afterwards, the plants form a more powerful symbiotic apparatus and higher productivity. The obtained results - an increase in germination energy, laboratory and field germination capacity, symbiotic activity of plants and parametres of crop yield structure indicate a fairly high efficiency of “Floravit” application.

Field germination and preservation of grain sorghum plants depending on the row-spacing width and the seeding rate

The results of two-year research on the complex effect of different options of row-spacing width and the seeding rate on field germination and preservation of grain sorghum hybrids plants are presented. Problem statement. The conservatism of agricultural products producers, as well as the lack of adaptive technologies for growing sorghum, is a limiting factor of enlargement of sorghum sowing areas. That is why improving the technology of sorghum growing, which forms high and stable yields under arid conditions, is a relevant task at the current stage of country's agricultural sector development. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of various options of combining the seeding rate and row-spacing width on field germination and preservation of grain sorghum plants under conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Research methods. Research on study the influence of three row-spacing width – 35, 45 and 70 cm and four options of the seeding rates of 100, 140, 180 and 220 thousand pieces/ha on field germination and preservation of sorghum plants of Svat and Flagg hybrids were held in 2019, 2020 on the basis of Farming Enterprise "Dyunis" of Kreminsk District, Luhansk Region. The area of sown and accounting plots was 40.0 and 30.0 m2, respectively. Research results. In experiments we have noted the tendency to increase field germination, under condition of the seeding rate increases and row-spacing widening. The influence of the studying options of the seeding rate and row-spacing on plant preservation was significantly higher than on field germination. On the crops of both hybrids, the influence of the seeding rate to a greater extent manifested on the options with row-spacing of 70 cm. Thus, with an increase in the seeding rate from 100 to 220 thousand pieces/ha, the plant preservation on the options with 35 cm row-spacing decreased by 3.5 %, while on the options with 70 cm row-spacing – by 6.7 %. There was no significant difference between the plant preservation indicators obtained on the options with row-spacing of 35 and 45 cm. With the widening of the row-spacing to 70 cm, this indicator significantly decreased. Conclusions. The studied element of the cultivation technology provided certain changes in the indices of field germination of seeds and the safety of sorghum plants. More influence they have on the safety of the plant, since the start of the growing competition between the plants is much less. An increase in the seeding rate caused a significant decrease in plant preservation, and to a greater extent with an increase in the seeding rate from 180 to 220 thousand pieces/ha. In the seeding rate from 100 to 180 thousand pieces/ha, there was no significant variation in the survival rates of sorghum plants. There was virtually no difference between the survival rates of sorghum plants in variants with row spacing of 35 and 45 cm, which indicates that within the boundaries of these row spacing, the competition between plants does not change significantly. Key words: row-spacing width, seeding rate, sorghum, hybrid, field germination, plants preservation.

The seed productivity and similarity of seeds of early flowing plants

Seed productivity of 22 early flowering plants of the natural flora of the Kamensky geobotanical region, introduced into the culture and used in landscaping, has been established. It was shown that the actual average seed productivity of one individual of various plant species varies from 12 to 373 pcs., And the maximum - from 20 to 448 pcs. seeds, which is 10 to 90% of the potential. In most species, high actual seed productivity is combined with high potential productivity. Field germination of seeds of all plant species was higher when sowing with freshly harvested seeds within 5-14 days after ripening. Storage of seeds at a temperature of 18,0-20,0ºС followed by sowing them in the spring led to a significant decrease in germination.

Method of increasing yield indicators of rice varieties in process of seed production

The paper describes a method for creating new and increasing the yield of existing varieties based on analysis variability elements of rice varieties yield structure under influence of environmental conditions. Seeding rates are used as a source of variability. Following trait are analyzed: seeds field germination, survival plants before harvesting, total tillering of plants, realization of total tillering, graininess of panicle, fertility of spikelets, weight of 1000 grains. Based on analysis, through onnections conjugated elements, the optimal values of elements structure of yield are determined, at which it takes the maximum value. Based on a set of optimal values, theoretical model of studied rice variety is being developed. Then, according to panicles selected in variety, single-row plots are sown for further propagation, rows with parameters of the yield structure elements set same with model of variety are selected, which makes it possible to increase the yield of Mavr rice variety by 39.18 centners / ha or 45.61%.

The effect of prolonged storage and periodic reproduction on the germination of red beet seeds

Площади под свеклой в Российской Федерации колеблются в пределах 65-68 тыс. га, что составляет 7% от общей площади, занятой овощными культурами. Вопросы, связанные с продолжительностью хранения и периодического воспроизведения на всхожесть семян остаются актуальными. В работе исследованы изменения таких важнейших посевных качеств, как энергия прорастания и всхожесть семян столовой свеклы на примере сорта Двусемянная ТСХА после различных сроков хранения. Благодаря селекционной работе можно значительно увеличить сроки хозяйственной годности семян и продолжительность их биологической жизнеспособности. Цель исследований: оценка влияния сроков хранения семян столовой свеклы сорта Двусемянная ТСХА на их посевные качества (всхожесть и энергия прорастания). Для этого определяли всхожесть и энергию прорастания семян столовой свеклы различных семей сорта Двусемянная ТСХА в условиях длительного хранения, изучили полевую всхожесть семян в условиях длительного хранения, установили оптимальные сроки хранения. Полевая всхожесть отдельных семей существенно отличалась. В некоторых случаях, особенно после продолжительного хранения, разница достигала 70%. Наглядно показано, что энергия прорастания и всхожесть семян слабо изменяются в течение четырех лет при отсутствии различных обработок. Выявлено влияние погодных условий в год выращивания семян и генотипических различий семей, что рекомендуется учитывать в селекции и при производстве элитных семян. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о высокой биологической долговечности семян свеклы (более 16 лет), даже при хранении в комнатных условиях. Это важно при репродукции, так как в результате потепления климата изменяется направленность отбора в сторону более позднеспелых форм, менее перерастающих и устойчивых к растрескиванию и деформации корнеплодов. Высокое качество семенного материала культурных растений зависит от условий формирования семян. The area under red beet in the Russian Federation ranges from 65-68 thousand ha, which is 7% of the total area occupied by vegetables. Questions related to the duration of storage and periodic reproduction for seed germination are relevant. The work investigated the changes in such important sowing qualities as the germination energy and germination of red beet seeds using the example of the Dvusemyannaya TSKHA variety, after different storage periods. Thanks to the conduct of breeding work, it is possible to significantly increase the terms of economic shelf life of seeds and the duration of their biological viability. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the shelf life of seeds of red beet variety Dvusemyannaya TSKHA on their sowing qualities (germination and germination energy). To do this, we determined the germination and germination energy of seeds of red beet from different families of the variety Dvusemyannaya TSKHA under conditions of long-term storage, studied the field germination of seeds under conditions of long-term storage, and established the optimal storage periods. Field germination of individual families differed significantly. In some cases, especially as a result of long-term storage, the difference reached 70%. It is clearly shown that the energy of germination and germination of seeds change little over four years in the absence of various treatments. The influence of weather conditions in the year of seed cultivation and genotypic differences of families was revealed. It is recommended to take these factors into account in breeding and in the production of elite seeds. The research results presented by the author indicate a high biological longevity of beet seeds, even when stored in room conditions, which is more than 16 years. This is important for reproduction, since because of climate warming, the direction of selection changes towards later-maturing forms that are less outgrowing and resistant to cracking and deformation of root crops. The high quality of the seed material of cultivated plants depends on the conditions of seed formation.