mechanical signals
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2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenchen Sun ◽  
Xiaoxu Yang ◽  
Tianxiao Wang ◽  
Min Cheng ◽  
Yangyang Han

Biomechanics is a physical phenomenon which mainly related with deformation and movement of life forms. As a mechanical signal, it participates in the growth and development of many tissues and organs, including ovary. Mechanical signals not only participate in multiple processes in the ovary but also play a critical role in ovarian growth and normal physiological functions. Additionally, the involvement of mechanical signals has been found in ovarian cancer and other ovarian diseases, prompting us to focus on the roles of mechanical signals in the process of ovarian health to disease. This review mainly discusses the effects and signal transduction of biomechanics (including elastic force, shear force, compressive stress and tensile stress) in ovarian development as a regulatory signal, as well as in the pathological process of normal ovarian diseases and cancer. This review also aims to provide new research ideas for the further research and treatment of ovarian-related diseases.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-644
Author(s):  
S. V. Vlasenko ◽  
◽  
S. A. Sushkov ◽  
S. V. Grishechko ◽  
◽  
...  

The origin of signalling principles, their purpose and development since the 4th century BC are described. Claude Chappe' s research on the peculiarities of human vision and the rationale for the choice of colors for the optical telegraph are presented. These principles are used in modern rail and road signaling systems with slight modifi cations to refl ect the development of technology. The transmission apparatus and the Claude Chappe alphabet are presented, documentary examples of its use in France are proposed, and the main disadvantages of this principle of data transmission are indicated. Further in the article, an alternative principle of data transmission using a single semaphore wing in an optical telegraph is presented. It was developed and introduced in 1798 between Madrid and Cadiz (Spain) by Agustin de Betancourt. The article shows the diagrams of the optical telegraph apparatus of Agustin de Betancourt, and also gives its comparison with fi rst mechanical signals used in railway transport. With references to historical documents and evidence, the evolution of the optical telegraph by Agustin de Betancourt from data transmission systems between cities to systems for the exchange of information between neighboring railway posts and stations on the fi rst railway lines is presented. The evolution of the telegraph from mechanical devices announcing the train approach to the railway post to the signals for train drivers thanks to the change of wing position is shown. As a transitional stage from mechanical to electrical signals in railway transport, the principle of operation of semaphores with kerosene lamps lit at night with light fi lters mechanically connected to the position of the wing is explained. Based on development of mechanical signals, the historical reasons for signal aspect with two lamps in diff erent modern signalling systems are presented. The article opens a new, previously little-known page of the activities by Agustin de Betancourt, who was not only the fi rst rector of the fi rst transport high school in Russia but also one of developers of data transmission systems used optical telegraph. His inventions such as mechanical signal with one wing are using in improved form in railway signalling systems up today.


Author(s):  
Yanchang Liu ◽  
Wendan Cheng ◽  
Yao Zhao ◽  
Liang Gao ◽  
Yongyun Chang ◽  
...  

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) play a critical role in bone formation and are extremely sensitive to external mechanical stimuli. Mechanical signals can regulate the biological behavior of cells on the surface of titanium-related prostheses and inducing osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, which provides the integration of host bone and prosthesis benefits. But the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, BMSCs planted on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes were subjected to cyclic mechanical stress, and the related mechanisms were explored. The results of alkaline phosphatase staining, real-time PCR, and Western blot showed that cyclic mechanical stress can regulate the expression level of osteogenic differentiation markers in BMSCs on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes through Wnt/β-catenin. As an important member of the histone acetyltransferase family, GCN5 exerted regulatory effects on receiving mechanical signals. The results of the ChIP assay indicated that GCN5 could activate the Wnt promoter region. Hence, we concluded that the osteogenic differentiation ability of BMSCs on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes was enhanced under the stimulation of cyclic mechanical stress, and GCN5 mediated this process through Wnt/β-catenin.


Author(s):  
Debarati Basu ◽  
Jennette Codjoe ◽  
Kira Veley ◽  
Elizabeth Haswell

Plants sense and respond to molecular signals associated with the presence of pathogens and their virulence factors. Mechanical signals generated during pathogenic invasion may also be important, but their contributions have rarely been studied. Here we investigate the potential role of a mechanosensitive ion channel, MscS-Like (MSL)10, in defense against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana. We previously showed that overexpression of MSL10-GFP, phospho-mimetic versions of MSL10, and the gain-of-function allele msl10-3G all produce dwarfing, spontaneous cell death, and the hyperaccumulation of reactive oxygen species. These phenotypes are shared by many autoimmune mutants and are frequently suppressed by growth at high temperature in those lines. Here, we found that the same was true for all three MSL10 hypermorphs. In addition, we show that the SGT1/RAR1/HSP90 co-chaperone complex was required for dwarfing and ectopic cell death, PAD4 and SID2 were partially required, and the immune regulators EDS1 and NDR1 were dispensable. All MSL10 hypermorphs exhibited reduced susceptibility to infection by P. syringae strain Pto DC3000, Pto DC3000 expressing the avirulence genes avrRpt2 or avrRpm1, but not Pto DC3000 hrpL, and showed an accelerated induction of PR1 expression compared to wild-type plants. Null msl10-1 mutants were delayed in PR1 induction and displayed modest susceptibility to infection by COR-deficient Pst. Finally, stomatal closure was reduced in msl10-1 loss-of-function mutants in response to Pst COR−. These data show that MSL10 modulates pathogen responses and begin to address the possibility that mechanical signals are exploited by the plant for pathogen perception.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul VK Kareem ◽  
Neha Bhatia ◽  
Carolyn Ohno ◽  
Marcus G Heisler

Cell polarity patterns associated with plant phyllotaxis are thought to be determined by mechanical signals or auxin flux. Here we use mosaic expression of the serine threonine kinase PINOID (PID) in the shoot to investigate the flux hypothesis. We find that PID promotes changes in PIN1 polarity irrespective of initial or neighboring cell polarities, arguing against a role for flux in regulating phyllotaxis.


Author(s):  
Leonardo A. Pérez ◽  
Aysha Rashid ◽  
J. Dale Combs ◽  
Pascal Schneider ◽  
Andrés Rodríguez ◽  
...  

Astrocyte reactivity is associated with poor repair capacity after injury to the brain, where chemical and physical changes occur in the damaged zone. Astrocyte surface proteins, such as integrins, are upregulated, and the release of pro-inflammatory molecules and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins upon damage generate a stiffer matrix. Integrins play an important role in triggering a reactive phenotype in astrocytes, and we have reported that αVβ3 Integrin binds to the Thy-1 (CD90) neuronal glycoprotein, increasing astrocyte contractility and motility. Alternatively, αVβ3 Integrin senses mechanical forces generated by the increased ECM stiffness. Until now, the association between the αVβ3 Integrin mechanoreceptor response in astrocytes and changes in their reactive phenotype is unclear. To study the response to combined chemical and mechanical stress, astrocytes were stimulated with Thy-1-Protein A-coated magnetic beads and exposed to a magnetic field to generate mechanical tension. We evaluated the effect of such stimulation on cell adhesion and contraction. We also assessed traction forces and their effect on cell morphology, and integrin surface expression. Mechanical stress accelerated the response of astrocytes to Thy-1 engagement of integrin receptors, resulting in cell adhesion and contraction. Astrocyte contraction then exerted traction forces onto the ECM, inducing faster cell contractility and higher traction forces than Thy-1 alone. Therefore, cell-extrinsic chemical and mechanical signals regulate in an outside-in manner, astrocyte reactivity by inducing integrin upregulation, ligation, and signaling events that promote cell contraction. These changes in turn generate cell-intrinsic signals that increase traction forces exerted onto the ECM (inside-out). This study reveals αVβ3 Integrin mechanoreceptor as a novel target to regulate the harmful effects of reactive astrocytes in neuronal healing.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debarati Basu ◽  
Jennette M. Codjoe ◽  
Kira Veley ◽  
Elizabeth Haswell

Plants sense and respond to molecular signals associated with the presence of pathogens and their virulence factors. Mechanical signals generated during pathogenic invasion may also be important, but their contributions have rarely been studied. Here we investigate the potential role of a mechanosensitive ion channel, MscS-Like (MSL)10, in defense against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana. We previously showed that overexpression of MSL10-GFP, phospho-mimetic versions of MSL10, and the gain-of-function allele msl10-3G all produce dwarfing, spontaneous cell death, and the hyperaccumulation of reactive oxygen species. These phenotypes are shared by many autoimmune mutants and are frequently suppressed by growth at high temperature in those lines. Here, we found that the same was true for all three MSL10 hypermorphs. In addition, we show that the SGT1/RAR1/HSP90 co-chaperone complex was required for dwarfing and ectopic cell death, PAD4 and SID2 were partially required, and the immune regulators EDS1 and NDR1 were dispensable. All MSL10 hypermorphs exhibited reduced susceptibility to infection by P. syringae strain Pto DC3000, Pto DC3000 expressing the avirulence genes avrRpt2 or avrRpm1, but not Pto DC3000 hrpL, and showed an accelerated induction of PR1 expression compared to wild-type plants. Null msl10-1 mutants were delayed in PR1 induction and displayed modest susceptibility to infection by COR-deficient Pst. Finally, stomatal closure was reduced in msl10-1 loss-of-function mutants in response to Pst COR−. These data show that MSL10 modulates pathogen responses and begin to address the possibility that mechanical signals are exploited by the plant for pathogen perception.


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