species substitution
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Author(s):  
María Mar Quesada-Moreno ◽  
Melanie Schnell ◽  
Daniel A. Obenchain

For complexes involving aromatic species, substitution effects can influence the preferred geometry.


Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3090
Author(s):  
Jane Kagure Njaramba ◽  
Lillian Wambua ◽  
Titus Mukiama ◽  
Nelson Onzere Amugune ◽  
Jandouwe Villinger

Substituting high commercial-value meats with similar cheaper or undesirable species is a common form of food fraud that raises ethical, religious, and dietary concerns. Measures to monitor meat substitution are being put in place in many developed countries. However, information about similar efforts in sub-Saharan Africa is sparse. We used PCR coupled with high-resolution melting (PCR-HRM) analysis targeting three mitochondrial genes—cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1), cytochrome b (cyt b), and 16S rRNA—to detect species substitution in meat sold to consumers in Nairobi, Kenya. Out of 107 meat samples representing seven livestock animals, 11 (10.3%) had been substituted, with the highest rate being observed in samples sold as goat. Our results indicate that PCR-HRM analysis is a cost- and time-effective technique that can be employed to detect species substitution. The combined use of the three mitochondrial markers produced PCR-HRM profiles that successfully allowed for the consistent distinction of species in the analysis of raw, cooked, dried, and rotten meat samples, as well as of meat admixtures. We propose that this approach has broad applications in the protection of consumers against food fraud in the meat industry in low- and middle-income countries such as Kenya, as well as in developed countries.


Pedosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 912-922
Author(s):  
Yuntao LI ◽  
Jin-Sheng HE ◽  
Hao WANG ◽  
Jizhong ZHOU ◽  
Yunfeng YANG ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Muhammad Cahyadi ◽  
Nur Aini Dyah Fauzıah ◽  
Imam Tubagus Suwarto ◽  
Waraporn Boonsupthip

The rise of beef consumption in Indonesia opens an opportunity for “rogue” suppliers to mix beef with other meat species that are relatively cheaper, such as pork, chicken, etc. The aim of this study was to identify pig and chicken meat in raw, cooked, and processed meat products using multiplex-PCR of mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome b gene, which is maternally inherited and widely used for forensic studies. A total of 90 samples-33 raw meats, 33 cooked meats, and 24 meatballs-were used in this study. Each sample was extracted to obtain the DNA genome and this was then amplified using multiplex-PCR. The PCR products were visualized using 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. The results showed that species contained in raw, cooked, and processed meat samples could be identified as indicated by DNA bands at 398, 274, 227, and 157 bp for pig, cattle, chicken, and goat species respectively. This study concluded that species substitution in raw, cooked, and processed meats could be detected using the Cytochrome b gene as a genetic marker through multiplex-PCR assay.


Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 756
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Pappalardo ◽  
Alessandra Raffa ◽  
Giada Santa Calogero ◽  
Venera Ferrito

The food safety of sushi and the health of consumers are currently of high concern for food safety agencies across the world due to the globally widespread consumption of these products. The microbiological and toxicological risks derived from the consumption of raw fish and seafood have been highlighted worldwide, while the practice of species substitution in sushi products has attracted the interest of researchers more than food safety agencies. In this study, samples of sushi were processed for species authentication using the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene as a DNA barcode. The approach of Citizen Science was used to obtain the sushi samples by involving people from eighteen different Italian cities (Northern, Central and Southern Italy). The results indicate that a considerable rate of species substitution exists with a percentage of misdescription ranging from 31.8% in Northern Italy to 40% in Central Italy. The species most affected by replacement was Thunnus thynnus followed by the flying fish roe substituted by eggs of Mallotus villosus. These results indicate that a standardization of fish market names should be realized at the international level and that the indication of the scientific names of species should be mandatory for all products of the seafood supply chain.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Dalal ◽  
Antonio G. Caporale ◽  
Paola Adamo

<p>Commercialization of seafood industry has led to better accessibility of seafood around the globe and is an important part of global food chain to ensure food requirements worldwide. It forms one of the most complex international food chains and this makes it particularly vulnerable to fraud. In Europe, species substitution and origin mislabelling are the most common frauds faced by the seafood industry. Europe imports over 75% of its seafood with demand for it rising every year, which further increases chances of fraud and make authentication of seafood difficult. Owing to this complex global scenario, traceability of seafood becomes even more important to protect consumer’s rights and ensure safety in food systems. Origin mislabelling includes concealment of geographical origin of illegally harvested fish species whereas species substitution includes replacement of low-value species for a more expensive one for economic gain. Fish growing in different regions have different composition of fatty acids, elemental and isotopic compounds depending on their surroundings. Same differences occur between different species of fish living in the same region due to their varying feeding habits. These traits are used to identify origin mislabelling and species substitution. Several techniques have been employed to identify fish frauds such as DNA based methods, immunological assays, spectroscopic methods, stable isotopes, trace element analysis, fish microbiome analysis, etc. Multielement and stable isotope analyses and NIR spectroscopy are reliable analytical techniques providing useful information and thus accurate chemometric-based traceability models. Multielement profile can also allow to assess the fish nutritional quality and possible presence of contaminants. Stable isotope analysis of elements such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and strontium enables to discriminate fish provenance, natural vs feed-based diet, frozen vs fresh fish. NIR is a non-destructive and cost-effective analytical tool. A combined use of these methodologies to identify the fish fraud can strengthen the traceability models, minimising the occurrence of possible prediction errors.</p><p>In this context, SUREFISH* PRIMA project aims at deploying innovative solutions to achieve unequivocal traceability of Mediterranean fish products, preventing possible frauds. It gathers 13 partners from Italy, Spain, Tunisia, Egypt, Lebanon and 4 pilot sites fishing/growing and processing the following fish species: anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), sardine (Sardina pilchardus), bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), tilapia (Tilapia spp.) and grouper (Epinephelus itajara). In the framework of WP3, we will develop and harmonise multi-element, isotope and NIR based analytical methodologies to trace the provenance of these Mediterranean fish species. Basically, we will analyse fresh or thawed fish meat and additional samples such as fish bones and otoliths, aquaculture feeds and sea or fresh waters. The findings will be gathered in a database useful for comparison with data from literature and other FAO fishing areas.</p><p> </p><p>* SUREFISH PRIMA project: Fostering Mediterranean fish ensuring traceability and authenticity, https://surefish.eu/. PRIMA Call 2019 Section 1 - Agro-food Value Chain 2019, Topic 1.3.1.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane K. Njaramba ◽  
Lillian Wambua ◽  
Titus Mukiama ◽  
Nelson Onzere Amugune ◽  
Jandouwe Villinger

AbstractFood fraud in several value chains including meat, fish, and vegetables has gained global interest in recent years. In the meat value chain, substitution of high commercial-value meats with similar cheaper or undesirable species is a common form of food fraud that raises ethical, religious, and dietary concerns. The presence of undeclared species could also pose public health risks caused by allergic reactions and the transmission of food-borne or zoonotic pathogens. Measures to monitor meat substitution are being put in place in many developed countries. However, information about similar efforts in sub-Saharan Africa is sparse. In this study, we used PCR coupled with high-resolution melting (PCR-HRM) analysis targeting the three mitochondrial genes, cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1), cytochrome b (cyt b), and 16S rRNA, to detect species substitution in meat sold to consumers in Nairobi, Kenya’s capital city. Out of 107 meat samples from seven common livestock animals (cattle, goat, sheep, pig, chicken, rabbit, and camel), 11 (10.3%) had been substituted. Of 61 samples sold as beef, two were goat and one was camel. Of 30 samples sold as goat meat, four were mutton (sheep) and three were beef. One of nine samples purchased as pork was beef. Our results indicate that PCR-HRM analysis is a cost and time effective technique that can be employed to detect species substitution. The combined use of the three markers produced PCR-HRM profiles that successfully allowed the distinction of species. We demonstrate its utility not only in analysis of raw meat samples, but also of cooked, dried, and rotten samples, meat mixtures, and with the use of different DNA extraction protocols. We propose that this approach has broad applications in authentication of meat products and protection of consumers from food fraud in the meat industry in low- and middle-income countries such as Kenya, as well as in the developed world.


Author(s):  
Huberman Valadares Gonçalves ◽  
Yumi Oki ◽  
Leandra Bordignon ◽  
Mariana Costa Ferreira ◽  
José Eustáquio dos Santos Jr ◽  
...  

Global climatic changes can have drastic impacts on plant species including severe consequences for the agricultural species productivity. Many of these species present important mutualisms with endophytic fungi that positively influence their performance. The present study evaluated whether the increases in CO<sub>2</sub> and temperature predicted for the year 2100 may cause changes in foliar carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations in soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>) and, consequently, the interactions with its endophytic fungi. The effects of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and temperature were evaluated in four treatments in open-top chambers: (1) Control; (2) Increased Temperature; (3) Increased CO<sub>2</sub>; (4) Increased CO<sub>2</sub> and Temperature. Increased atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> resulted in decreased foliar nitrogen concentration, while increased temperature increased it. A total of 16 taxa of endophytic fungi were identified based on sequencing <i><i>ITS</i></i> (Internal Transcribed Spacer) regions of rRNA subunits. Increased atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> and temperature were observed to potentially modify the endophytic mycobiota of soybean plants. Results suggest the fungi species substitution as a consequence of changes in foliar nitrogen concentration and C:N ratio. Predicted climatic changes shall affect the plant and endophytes relationships, which will in turn affect the performance and resistance of soybean, one of the most important crops in the world.


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