Phytomass-Derived Multifunctional Activated Carbon as a “Wonder-Material”: A Paradigm Shift of Filth-to-Wealth

Activated carbon (AC) is a wonder-material that finds multifarious applications such as catalytic supports, removal of pollutants, electrodes in energy gadgets, gas storage etc. Surface area, chemical constituents and pore structures are a few traits required in the ACs which largely depend on the source of the precursors and processing methodologies adopted. In this context, the idea of recycling phytomass for producing ACs has attracted researchers seeing that the inexpensive and renewable nature of the phytomass can reduce the overall cost of producing ACs with diversified features and that it does not add CO2 to the atmosphere leading to global warming (plants release only the same amount of CO2 as they consumed while growing). Further, phytomass after their life possess no value but their conversion into ACs would be an economically profitable option leading to inexpensive ACs. As a consequent of these advantages this chapter has been planned and designed to provide certain interesting multifunctional aspects of low-cost phytomass derived ACs. The chapter is expected to provide research insights oriented towards identification of unexplored phytomass or wastes which could lead to carbon with novel properties tunable to the applications. Filth-to-wealth or in other words, recycling of wastes provides a strategy categorized under circular-bioeconomy, which is the want of the hour.

Cohydrothermal carbonization of waste polyvinyl chloride and wood chip for dechlorination

The co-hydrothermal carbonization (Co-HTC) of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film and wood chip (WC) was conducted at 200-260oC in an autoclave filled in air or nitrogen for the chemical recycling of wastes with dechlorination of PVC. Effects of the Co-HTC temperature and the oxidation reaction during the Co-HTC on the decomposition behaviors were investigated. The percentage decomposition in nitrogen atmosphere increased with increasing the reaction temperature and reached 76.1% at 260oC. The percentage decompositions in nitrogen were several percent higher than those in air. The synergistic effect of PVC and WC for the decomposition was observed at 220oC in N2. When the Co-HTC was performed in air, decomposition was suppressed, indicating the increase in hydrochar yield. The dechlorination yield was determined from the Cl content in the recovered PVC after the Co-HTC reaction. Under nitrogen atmosphere conditions, the dechlorination yield increased slightly with increasing the temperature. At a carbonization temperature of 260oC, the dechlorination yield of PVC was about 40%.

Resource Recycling for Farm Productivity and Profitability in Integrated Farming System under Rainfed Situation in Odisha, India

The present investigation was carried out in 0.8 ha rainfed farm from April 2010 to March 2013 with two sources of water i.e. no pond/rainfed and pond/irrigated in five different blocks viz., Khajuripada of Kandhamal district (North Eastern Ghats Zone), Dhenkanal Sadar and Odapada of Dhenkanal district (Mid Central Table Land Zone), Golamunda and Narla of Kalahandi district (Western Undulating Zone) of Odisha. The 0.8 ha Integrated Farming System (IFS) model farm recorded 31.92 q Rice Equivalent Yield (REY) which was 7.4 times higher productivity than conventional rice-greengram system. The net return in IFS model was Rs. 1,61,148/- as compared to Rs. 11,631/- in conventional rice-greengram cropping system. The recyclable wastes of 3.3 t paddy straw, 3000 kg pond silt, 2129 kg poultry excreta and 13 t mushroom spent in IFS model were used as input by other units. Due to efficient recycling of wastes, the productivity and profitability of IFS models were higher compared to conventional cropping system. Thus, almost no waste was left to pollute the environment or to degrade the resource base where as the wastes in conventional system were not utilized effectively.

Estimates of the Solution of the Balance Model Considering the Environmental Factor and Investment

The article explains the nonlinear balance model that considers disposal and recycling of wastes and investments. The suggested model is the equilibrium prices model in which the costs of harmful wastage disposal and recycling are considered. Besides, there are nonlinear interrelations between the branches of production, which allows us to predict the release of useful products, which is necessary for the economistsanalysts who are engaged in forecasting the manufactured products. For the model which is described by a system of differential equations, the conditions are created when the system of differential equations has only one solution. The paper defines the conditions under which this model is solvable and has a nonnegative solution, if at the same time the given values can be negative. For the model the methods of creating bilateral estimated solutions are adapted; the method of improving bilateral estimation is offered. Unlike the methods of searching the precise solution, the application of the method of bilateral estimation facilitates successful solution of tasks with big dimension of the processed models, without resorting to direct integration. The results of this article can be used in the solution of specific tasks of mathematics, economics, biology and other tasks with nonlinear interrelations.

Gıda Atıklarından Biyoaktif Peptitlerin Geri Kazanımı ve Biyoyararlanım Özellikleri

Global urbanization and population growth obstruct the food waste management and cause uncontrolled accumulation of wastes. Ensuring the correct and efficient use and recycling of wastes having high protein content and generated throughout the food production and supply chain is becoming more important both in our country and all over the world. The evaluation of by-products released in the food industry is important for the development of new functional products and for greater economic rate of return on industrial scale. In this respect, bioactive peptides obtained from plant/animal wastes and rich in protein come into prominence. Bioactive peptides are also of great importance for human health because of their functional properties. In this review, functional properties of bioactive peptides obtained from protein-rich food wastes and their bioavailability mechanisms in human gastrointestinal system are discussed.

Waste Management Technology for Sustainable Agriculture

The process of collection, transport, disposal, recycling, and monitoring of wastes is called waste management. The waste management is undertaken to recycle the wastes so as to reduce the ill effects of wastes on environment, health, and aesthetics. There are several kinds of wastes produced such as agricultural wastes, municipal wastes, industrial waste, mining waste. Some wastes are more hazardous such as medical wastes and nuclear wastes. Various techniques are used for the management of wastes which includes landfilling, incineration, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, plasma gasification, recycling, composting. Anaerobic digestion produces biofuel in the form of biogas. Plasma gasification results in the generation of electricity from wastes. Recycling of wastes involves the collection, sorting, and reprocessing of wastes into new products. Vermicomposting is the preferred form of composting as it results in the formation of vermicompost called black gold due to the presence of rich nutrients and growth promoting factors in it.

CloudBridge Waste Segregator Automation using Machine Learning

There is a huge problem in creating space today because of growing population and research is going on profusely in finding space to dump waste. The waste has been dumped to rivers, underground and mixed with soil and by other methods. But all these methods are harmful to environment in long term. Our research is done on finding efficient way to segregate waste followed by recycling of wastes. The difficulties in isolation of various products are dealt using machine learning approach. The framework used to robotize the procedure of waste isolation to deal with the junk effectively and productively is one of the Machine Learning strategies called Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The experiments showed that the performance of CNN is better because it recognizes the components in an image and recombines these components to recognize other structures while other methods learn to recognize as they go through it. The work will be segregated into 6 bins consisting of biodegradable, non- biodegradable. Here we have used the TensorFlow algorithm which uses Python. The applications of TensorFlow are Python application itself. The application of our research includes waste segregation in society, in industries, in agricultural fields. The recycled wastes can be used as organic material in many places