Changes in the Field of Library and Information Science from Ancient Time to the Present Time: A Study

If we throw light on the history of the libraries in India, and then one main fact comes to light that the history of the libraries in India is a thousand of years old. The development of libraries in India can be divided in to Ancient Period, Middle Period, Mughal Period and Modern Period. Libraries existed those days when education was concentrated in Gurukul. Those days Guru was like a moving Library and they had unlimited store of knowledge. Over time, writing and ink began to be used and texts were also produced. In ancient times, handwritten texts were wrapped in cloth and leaf blisters because the art of printing was not invented at that time, But with the time the art of printing was invented and texts started to be printed and libraries came in to existence. The demolition of ancient cities which have been obtained by excavation is a proof that libraries existed in ancient times as well. Nalanda University established in ancient time had a three story Library Building called Ratnodadhi, Ratnasagar and Ratnaranjak. Similarly, temples and monasteries also had their own libraries which used to support religious and educational institutions. Father of Library Science Dr. S.R.Ranganathan who was presented the five laws of Library Science, his untiring efforts resulted in unlimited growth/development in the field of Library Science and the Library received a new direction and helped to give scientific form to the Library Service.

Corak Tafsir Periode Pertengahan

The mid period is a golden period for the Islamic world, especially tafseer. In this period, apart from the separation of tafseer with hadith as a separate scientific study, it was also the time when knowledge outside of the two of them had entered the body of interpretation. The fact has a big influence on the interpretation of its status as a product of human thought, where each interpretation has its own orientation and group. This paper aims to examine the diversity of interpretations in the mediecal period. The author uses a qualitative research method with a historical-content analysis approach. In this study it was found that in the middle period there were at least five interpretive styles, namely: linguistic, fiqh, theological, mystical and philosophical.

STATE OF HOMEOSTASIS IN RATS WITH THERMAL SKIN BURNS OBTAINED IN THE MIDDLE PERIOD OF PREGNANCY

Background. In modern medicine, the problem of treating thermal skin burns in pregnant women remains relevant due to insufficient research of pathological processes occurring in the body of a future mother suffering from thermal injury. The aim of the research. To assess the state of homeostasis in rats with thermal skin burns in the middle period of pregnancy. Material and methods. An experimental study was carried out on 36 female outbred white rats weighing 250-350 g, which underwent thermal skin burns in the middle period of pregnancy. The processes of lipid peroxidation and the total content of nitrate / nitrites were studied, the oxygen transport function of the blood and the main biochemical parameters of the blood were assessed. Results. Thermal skin burn in rats in the middle period of pregnancy leads to the development of hypoxia, as judged by the decrease in pO2 and SO2 values, as well as a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. At the same time, oxidative stress develops, and an increase in the content of nitrate / nitrites is also observed, which reflects the dysfunction of the L-arginine-NO system, causing changes in the oxygen-binding properties of the blood and forming a prooxidant-antioxidant imbalance. Changes in the main biochemical parameters of blood confirm the presence of endogenous intoxication. Conclusions. The revealed violations of homeostasis in pregnant rats with thermal skin burns indicate the important role of oxygen-dependent processes in the pathogenesis of thermal injury, which must be taken into account when developing appropriate measures aimed at eliminating violations in this pathology.

“A new kind of part writing”

Chapters 3 and 4 focus on Beethoven’s two statements that the work shows “a new kind of part writing” and “not less fantasy” than his previous works. The chapters explore, respectively, what each of these statements might have meant in terms of Beethoven’s compositional perspective, and in terms of performance and reception in his day. His comment on a “new kind of part-writing” is especially noteworthy, given that Op. 131 was his penultimate quartet. In light of the considerable experimentation in the middle-period quartets, one might have thought that by the 1820s Beethoven would have exhausted most possibilities for innovating in string quartet part-writing. To further explore what Beethoven meant, I go back to sketches and notes relating to the middle-period quartets, in particular his new idea of composing and hearing all four parts at once, which he noted down in a sketchbook around the time he was composing Op. 74. How does this new idea about the compositional process relate to the late quartets and Op. 131 in particular? I consider evidence from the sketches for Op. 131 as well as the early reception of the finished product. Adolph Bernhard Marx, for example, draws attention to the late quartets’ “Bachian counterpoint.” I focus in particular on the variations of the fourth movement. My analyses draw attention to the unique nature of all four voices, and the sense in which each part is crafted with careful attention to the art and science of listening.

Multilayer Site Ust-Menza 6 (Gruzdevaya): Preliminary Results of the Study of Cultural Layers 3 and 4

The Chikoy archaeological expedition led by M. V. Konstantinova has been studying the Ust-Menzinsky archaeological complex in the territory of Western Transbaikalia since 1980. Particular attention is paid to the study of Paleolithic monuments within the framework of multilayer objects. They represent a unique opportunity for reconstructing the variability and continuity of paleotechnologies, as well as paleogeographic and paleoclimatic conditions of the Late Pleistocene. Of particular interest is the settlement of Ust-Menza-5, located on the IV terrace with a height of 20–22 m. In 2012, a systematic study of even higher levels of Ust-Menza began. As a result of these works, the sites Ust-Menza 6 (Gruzdevaya) and Ust-Menza 15 (Kedrovaya) were studied. In the framework of this article, we will consider the preliminary results of the study of cultural layers 3 and 4 of the multilayer site Ust-Menza 6 (Gruzdevaya). As a result of studies of the site, carried out at an altitude of 32 m above the Menza river edge, within the framework of an excavation of 100 m2, 7 cultural layers were identified, deposits 8 m thick were studied. Cultural layers 3 and 4 were attributed to two generations of ancient man in the middle pore of the upper Paleolithic in the range of 19–27 thousand years ago. This period is the least studied within the periodization of the Stone Age of Transbaikalia. The results of the study of cultural layers 3 and 4 of Ust-Menza 6 (Gruzdeva) make it possible to actualize and significantly supplement the ideas about the variability of the stone industries of Transbaikalia in the final of MIS 3 ‒ the first half of MIS 2. The author took an active part in fieldwork, office processing, preparation of scientific reports and analysis of the revealed materials. Keywords: Western Transbaikal, Ust-Menza 6 (Gruzdevaya), multilayer site, Middle period of the Upper Paleolithic, stone inventory, stratigraphy, absolute dating