"Unity in thinking: transformations of the concept of cooperation in the German cognitive-linguistic continuum"

The work is an attempt to consider the concept of “cooperation” in cognitive-linguistic terms, taking as a syntagmatic basis “thinking”, which contains the motivating feature of the primary basis: the cognitive verb denken [think]. The term “semantic function” is one of the main terms in the work: this function acts as a stimulus for semantic transformation and the formation of a new semantic quality. The aim of the research is to analyze different semantic transformations in: 1. Formation of a derivative prefixed verb mitdenken. 2. Formation of the reflexive verbs sich einigen and sich sammeln. 3. Formation of the construction “adverb and cognitive verb”: miteinanderdenken/ zusammendenken / gemeinsamdenken. 4. Formation of the construction “preposition, pronoun and cognitive verb”: mit anderen erarbeiten. Through the method of componential analysis, the work presents lexemes, morphemes and functional words referring to the same semantic field.

Visually Impaired Novice Translators in Using Translation Techniques

Background: This study aims to determine the translation techniques used by visually impaired translators in translating popular scientific texts. Visually impaired translators were used as the subjects of this study because when compared to sighted translators, visually impaired translators had a different way of doing translation activities. The difference in this performance is influenced using text-to-speech tools they use. Apparently, this phenomenon has not been discussed by various specialized translation research previously and by involving blind translators as research subjects directly, translation techniques can be expected to be identified naturally. Methodology: Using popular scientific texts in the field of psychology, two visually impaired translators were assigned to translate 24 sentences in a translation experiment. To analyze the data that was collected, the researchers used analytical techniques consisting of a domain, taxonomy, and componential analysis. Findings: Since they are too dependent on text-to-speech aids, visually impaired translators use a lot of literal and discursive creation translation techniques. The appearance of these two techniques in their translation implies that the resulting translation cannot match the context of the sentence. This happens because text-to-speech applies word-for-word reading. Conclusion: It is important for visually impaired translators to understand the weaknesses of their translation. Translators should minimize the use of literal and discursive creation translation techniques when translating popular scientific texts. One way is to improve their translation competence.

Alcune considerazioni sull’ipotesi di Sapir-Whorf applicata alla traduzione dei termini costituzionali italiani e spagnoli nell’ ottica comparativo-contrastiva

The main aim of this article is to contribute to raising the interest around legal language, rarely analysed in the Italian-Spanish translation perspec¬tive. In particular, the author ’s interest is concentrated on specific normative texts, the Italian and Spanish Constitutions, of which she takes some lexical features into account. The article shows, through the use of componential analysis, that the “translatability” of the above mentioned traits of legal text from one language to another is impossible, even for those languages which are considered “similar” like Spanish and Italian. In Linguistics this hypoth¬esis was supported by Sapir- Whorf and is particularly true if applied to the legal language. In fact, legal translation is “culture-bond” and it is inti¬mately related to the socio-economic structures which are peculiar to a country.

Semic verbalisation: A systematic procedure for the replication of meaning in translating lexical items

The purpose of this article is to introduce a systematic translation procedure called Semic Verbalisation (SV), which draws on componential analysis so as to first lexicalise and then translate a word's sense components. While construing a hybrid denotational-mentalistic conception of meaning, a series of steps will be formulated that are useful for solving various prac-tical translation problems. The procedure is based on philosophy of lan-guage (Russell, Tarski, Frege, Quine and Wittgenstein), linguistics (Katz & Fodor) and translation studies (in particular Newmark). Its practical appli-cations for translation studies will be illustrated, and, in the discussion, its advanta ges and drawbacks will be scrutinised from both a theoretical and a practical perspective

The Interpersonal Meaning on the Covid-19 Vaccination News in Indonesia: A Systemic Functional Linguistics Study

Some media use interesting titles in their news. Like the online media m.republika.co.id which uses the verbs "meminta (ask)" and "diminta (requested)" in its reporting. This study will reveal the interpersonal meaning of m.republika.co.id entitled "Jokowi Minta Daerah Kawal Vaksinasi Covid-19". This research is descriptive-qualitative research that will describe the findings and describe the status, affect, and contacts that are part of the focus of this research. The methods and techniques used in this study are data analysis methods proposed by Spradley (1980) namely domain, taxonomy, and componential analysis. The results of the study indicate that m.republika.co.id positions itself as a party that provides information and places readers as members of the academic community who are expected to also have an interest in the information. This is evidenced by the dominance of the proposition of the proposal, the dominance of positive polarity, the dominance of congruent lexis rather than incongruent, and also the use of a complex clause system that describes the closeness of the distance between the writer and the reader.

Interpretation and Translation of Figures of Speech in the Holy Qur’an: Implications and Theory

This study attempts to examine how rhetorical speech acts interface at the lexicosemantic and pragma-emotive levels in the Qur’an. It examines how these acts are interpreted and translated into English despite the fact that one speech act may convey two or more figures of speech i.e., irony, exaggeration, understatement, satire, etc. The selected data samples are methodologically classified and interpreted according to Allusional Pretence Theory by Nakamura, and Nida’s Theory of Equivalence. The data samples are qualitatively analysed. The findings show first that there is a vast body of multiple functions and dissociative thoughts resulting from rhetorical speech acts interface in the Qur’anic discourse. The findings show that translating interrelated rhetorical speech acts is a formidable challenging task due to fundamental differences in the syntactic, semantic, phonological and pragmatic aspects differentiating the Arabic linguistic system from its English counterpart. Componential Analysis Approach is found essential in solving the semantic ambiguities of the source language lexical items into the target language text.

Domestication as Strategy in Translating Religious Cultural Elements into English

People with different beliefs and religions around the world discovered that Quran enlightens the way of life. Therefore, it results in emergence of progressive efforts of translating this sacred text into many languages that has been carried out particularly in 20th century. However, translating sacred text is far more difficult than other type of texts. There are religious culture-specific-items that carry peculiar meaning and must be translated into appropriate equivalent in target culture. Thus, the meaning encompassed in that equivalent, and the description that characterized the meaning will be compatible with its original. Moreover, translating these items by applying domestication strategy will bring the text close to the target reader. It is because the equivalent provided in target language is familiar and well-known to the readership. Yet, this strategy puts the cultural gap to its intended meaning, especially when the text is related to the religious culture-specific-item, which is only known to the source readership. Therefore, the present article aims to investigate the domestication strategy in translating religious cultural elements into English. This study is qualitative, and the data are analyzed descriptively using document analysis. Disclosing the meaning of domesticated equivalent, the study adopts componential analysis by Newmark (1988). The study contributes to enhancing the procedure of componential analysis by validating the cultural element categorization with experts and referring exegesis as main source in identifying the characteristic of meaning. It is found that domestication strategy can only provide the adequate meaning to the closest when it comes together with compensation strategy.

Functional Aspects of Interlingual Borrowings: Current Challenges

A particular status of the English language as the language of international communication and connections between the nearly related English and German languages resulted in the emergence of many interlingual borrowings in the Modern English and German language vocabularies. The paper aims to consider the functioning of borrowings (loanwords) in the English and German languages. To reach the aim of the research and to carry out the tasks assigned, the following methods were used: a descriptive method, the method of correlation, componential analysis and, comparative semantic analysis. The paper focuses on linguistic and extralinguistic factors of the German and English interaction. Special attention is paid to clarifying the notion of borrowing in modern linguistic science. The word-formative calques and half-calques (hybrids), which differ from ordinary lexical borrowings by using partially borrowed lexical material, are identified in addition to direct lexical borrowings in the language subsystem under study. The paper demonstrates the significant influence of English borrowings on the structural-semantic qualities of German words, on various semantic changes, as well as on the participation of loanwords in the lexico-semantic variation: synonymy, polysemy, homonymy, and antonymy. The results of the research can also be used in the teaching and learning of both languages, in the course of lexicology or linguistics.

Implicit attitudes matter for social judgments of others’ preference, but do not make those judgments more or less accurate

Drawing from a large dataset of responses to implicit and explicit attitude measures and social judgments of others’ preferences (N = 97,176) across 95 distinct attitude domains, this Registered Report utilized a componential analysis of judgment accuracy to examine whether implicit attitudes affected the accuracy of social judgment. I found evidence that judgments of the population’s preferences were associated with the population’s true implicit (but not explicit) attitudes, and that individuals projected their implicit attitudes in addition to the projection of explicit attitudes when judging the population’s true preferences. However, I found no evidence that stronger or weaker implicit attitudes were uniquely associated with greater or less accuracy in judging the population’s true preferences. These results provide generalizable evidence that implicit attitudes matter greatly for social judgment accuracy in distinct and nuanced ways.