Efisiensi Metabolisme Rumen Pakan Berbasis Jerami Padi Amoniasi dan Konsentrat yang Disuplementasi Ekstrak Daun Waru (Hibiscus tiliaceus) (In-Vitro)

ABSTRACT. Penelitian bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh interaksi taraf suplementasi ekstrak etanol daun waru (Hibiscus tiliaceus) dan rasio jerami padi amoniasi dan konsentrat terhadap efisiensi metabolisme rumen dan total protozoa rumen secara in vitro. Penelitian eksperimental menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok pola faktorial 3 x 3. Faktor pertama adalah imbangan bahan kering (BK), jerami padi amoniasi (JPA) dan konsentrat yaitu 45:55 (R1), 55:45 (R2), dan 65:35 (R3). Faktor kedua adalah taraf suplementasi ekstrak etanol daun waru yaitu 0 ppm (E0), 200 ppm (E1), dan 400 ppm (E2). Variabel yang diamati adalah total protozoa dan produk fermentasi rumen yaitu sintesis protein mikroba (SPM), volatile fatty acids (VFA), N-NH3, gas metan, rasio Asetat/Propionat (A/P), dan efisiensi konversi glukosa menjadi VFA (EVFA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat interaksi (P0,05) antara rasio JAP: konsentrat dan taraf ekstrak etanol daun waru terhadap N-NH3, total VFA, asam asetat, asam propionat, asam butirat, rasio A/P, dan (EVFA). Rasio JAP: konsentrat R2 menghasilkan EVFA dan SPM lebih tinggi (P0,05) jika dibandingkan dengan R1 dan R3, akan tetapi metan dan protozoa lebih rendah (P0,05). Suplementasi ekstrak etanol daun waru sampai 400 ppm meningkatkan secara liner (P0,05) EVFA, SPM, dan propionate, akan tetapi menurunkan rasio A/P, gas metan, total protozoa, dan asetat. Suplementasi ekstrak etanol daun waru pada taraf 400 ppm dan rasio JAP: konsentrat 55:45% BK dapat meningkatkan efisiensi metabolisme rumen. (Rumen metabolism efficiency of rice straw ammoniation and concentrate based diet supplemented with Hibiscus tiliaceus leaf extract in vitro) ABSTRAK. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the interaction between the level of supplementation of ethanolic extracts of waru leaves (Hibiscus tiliaceus) and the ratio of ammoniated rice straw and concentrate on rumen metabolism efficiency and total rumen protozoa in vitro. The research was carried out experimentally designed using a 3 x 3 factorial randomized block design. The first factor was the dry matter (DM) ratio of ammoniated rice straw (ARS) and the concentrates were 45:55 (R1), 55:45 (R2), and 65:35 (R3). The second factor was the supplementation level of ethanolic extracts of waru leaves of 0, 200, and 400 ppm for E0, E1, and E2, respectively. The variables measured were total protozoa and rumen fermentation products, namely microbial protein synthesis (MSP), volatile fatty acids (VFA), N-NH3, methane gas, acetate/propionate (A/P) ratio, and efficiency of glucose conversion to VFA (EVFA). The results showed that there was no interaction (P 0.05) between the ratio of ARS:concentrate and the ethanol extract level of waru leaves on N-NH3, total VFA, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, A/P ratio, and (EVFA). The ratio of ARS: concentrate on R2 resulted in higher EVFA and SPM (P0.05) compared to R1 and R3, but lower methane and protozoa (P0.05). Supplementation of waru leaf ethanol extract up to 400 ppm increased linearly (P0.05) EVFA, SPM, and propionate, but decreased A/P ratio, methane gas, total protozoa, and acetate. Supplementation of the ethanolic extracts of waru leaves at the level of 400 ppm and the ratio of ARS:concentrate is 55: 45% increase the efficiency of rumen metabolism.

THE INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES ON SHEEP RUMEN METABOLISM

Проблема и цель. Для повышения эффективности использования питательных веществ кормов целесообразно применение биологически активных веществ (БАВ), способствующих улучшению физиологических процессов в организме животных для реализации их генетического потенциала – продуктивности. Целью исследований являлось изучить влияние БАВ (дигидроквертицина и органического йода) на рубцовый метаболизм у овец. Методология. Опыт проведен методом групп периодов в условиях физиологического двора ФНЦ ВИЖ имени Л.К. Эрнста, на овцах аналогах (n=6), имеющих хронические фистулы рубца по Басову. Животные 1-й опытной группы в дополнение к основному рациону получали 100 мл ДКВ, в рацион 2-й опытной группы добавляли 100 мг ДКВ и 1,05 мг органического йода. Результаты. Использование добавок в рационах животных опытных групп повлияло на общее содержание микроорганизмов в рубцовой жидкости, составившее во второй опытной группе 1,021 г/100 мл, что выше чем в первой опытной группе на 12,7 %, и выше, чем в контрольной, на 15,4 %. При этом образование бактерий в рубцовой жидкости в первой опытной группе было выше на 22,5 %, а во второй – на 8,7 % относительно контроля. Выявлен более низкий уровень концентрации аммиака в содержимом рубца животных первой опытной группы на 4,2 мг/% относительно контрольной и на 7,1 мг/% – второй опытной группы, что взаимосвязано с более эффективным его использованием рубцовой микрофлорой. Заключение. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что использование в рационе изучаемых биологически активных веществ способствовало наибольшему развитию и жизнедеятельности микроорганизмов рубца и в целом способствовало регуляции положительной динамики рубцового метаболизма, оказало положительное влияние на образование и усвояемость азота. Problem and purpose. To increase the efficiency of the use of feed nutrients, it is advisable to use biologically active substances that contribute to the improvement of physiological processes in the body of animals for the realization of their genetic potential - productivity. The aim of the research was to study the effect of biologically active substances (dihydroquerticin and organic iodine) on rumen metabolism in sheep. Methodology. The experiment was carried out by the method of groups of periods in the conditions of the physiological yard of L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry), on sheep analogs (n=6) with chronic rumen fistulas according to Basov. Animals of the 1st experimental group received 100 ml of DHQ in addition to the main diet. The 2nd experimental group got 100 mg of DHQ and 1.05 mg of organic iodine. Results. The use of additives in the diets of the animals of the experimental groups influenced the total content of microorganisms in the rumen fluid, which was 1.021 g / 100 ml in the second experimental group, that was higher than in the first experimental group by 12.7 %, and in the control group by 15.4 %. At the same time, the formation of bacteria in the rumen fluid in the 1st experimental group was 22.5 % higher and it was 8.7 % higher in the 2nd group relative to the control. A lower level of ammonia concentration in the rumen of animals of the 1st experimental group was 4.2 mg/% lower relative to the control and by 7.1 mg/% in the 2nd experimental group, that was interrelated with its more effective use of rumen microflora. Conclusion. The data obtained indicated that the use of the studied biologically active substances in the diet promoted the greatest development and vital activity of rumen microorganisms and, in general, contributed to the regulation of the positive dynamics of rumen metabolism, had a positive effect on the formation and assimilation of nitrogen.

Effects of protected vegetable fats on rumen metabolism and productivity dairy cows

In a scientific economic experiment conducted in the experimental farm «Klenovo-Chegodaevo» (Moscow) on three groups of Holsteinized black-and-white cows with a milk yield of 7000 kg of milk per lactation, 10 heads in each, it was found that the inclusion in the diet of cows of the experimental groups tested protected fats (hydrogenated and fractionated) in the amount of 300 g per head per day, contributed to the tendency for more intensive metabolic processes in the rumen due to a slight increase in the concentration of volatile fatty acids by 5,6–7,4% and an increase in the mass of microorganisms in the contents of the rumen by 5,4–14,4% (P≥0,05). At the same time, an increase in the concentration of metabolic energy in the dry matter of the cows ration from 10,7 to 11,0 MJ / kg in the period from 21 to 120 days of lactation, due to the inclusion of protected fats in the diet of cows from the experimental groups, contributed to an increase in milk yield 4% fat content for 100 days of the experiment by 9,7% and 11,0% (P≤0,05), compared with the control, as well as the production of milk fat and protein, respectively by 9,6–11,0% (P≤0,05 in the second case) and 7,4–8,3%, feed costs expressed in ME decreased by 4,9–5,2%.

Dominant Remodeling of Cattle Rumen Microbiome by Schedonorus arundinaceus (Tall Fescue) KY-31 Carrying a Fungal Endophyte

Tall fescue KY-31 feeds ~20% of the beef cattle in the United States. It carries a fungal endophyte that produces ergovaline, which causes toxicosis in cattle, leading to $2 billion revenue loss annually. The MaxQ cultivar of the grass is non-toxic, but less attractive economically. To develop ways of mitigating the toxicity, the rumen microbiome of cattle consuming KY-31 and MaxQ have been analyzed, principally for identifying ergovaline transforming microorganisms and often using fecal microbiome as a surrogate. We have hypothesized that KY-31 not only causes toxicosis, but also impacts rumen metabolism broadly, and tested the hypothesis by analyzing rumen microbiome compositions of cattle that grazed MaxQ with an intervening KY-31 grazing period with 16S rRNA-V4 element as identifier. We found that KY-31 remodeled the cellulolytic and saccharolytic communities substantially. This effect was not evident at whole microbiome levels but in the compositions of sessile and planktonic fractions. A move from MaxQ to KY-31 lowered the Firmicutes abundance in the sessile fraction and increased it in planktonic part and caused an opposite effect for Bacteroidetes, although the total abundances of these dominant rumen organisms remained unchanged. In the sessile fraction, the abundances of Fibrobacter, which degrades less degradable fibers, and certain cellulolytic Firmicutes such as Pseudobutyrivibrio and Butyrivibrio 2, dropped, and these losses were apparently compensated by increased occurrences of Eubacterium and specific Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. In planktonic fraction the Tenericutes’ abundance increased as saccharolytic Bacteroidetes’ level dropped. Several potential ergovaline degraders were enriched. A return to MaxQ restored the original Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes distributions. However, the Fibrobacter and Butyrivibrio 2 abundances remained low and their substitutes maintained significant presence. The rumen microbiome was influenced minimally by animals’ fescue toxicosis and was distinct from previously reported fecal microbiomes in composition. In summary, KY-31 and MaxQ cultivars of tall fescue were digested in the cattle rumen with distinct consortia and the KY-31-specific features were dominant. The study highlighted the importance of analyzing sessile and planktonic fractions separately.