This study attempts to delineate $2 when they use social media, shop
online, and make electronic payments using WeChat Pay and Alipay. It is part of a book I am
writing on perceptions of privacy and surveillance in China and is grounded in an inductive
content analysis of 58 semi-structured in-depth interviews I conducted late 2019 in Beijing,
Shanghai, and Chengdu. Privacy is written with two different words in Mandarin: $2 (a
personal thing you do not wish to disclose in public akin to Western definitions) and $2
(hiding a shameful secret). Most of my interviewees used the latter meaning: $2 . Privacy,
thus, was $2 , understood as $2 (moral face - e.g., purchases of personal medicine,
underwear and sex-related products, or weapons) and $2 (social face - eg., financial
information). Moreover, they perceived the need to hide shameful information $2 : parents
and supervisors, or hackers who would disclose personal information, but less so an abstract
entity such as the government. For instance, several interviewees felt they could “hide on
Weibo” using a pseudonym, despite the real-name registration policy. These findings on
privacy may shed slight on how Chinese citizens view the digitalization of surveillance
through facial recognition monitoring and the building of the social credit system, and
contribute to culture-sensitive surveillance research.