Fermentation of liquid feed with lactic acid bacteria reduces dry matter losses, lysine breakdown, formation of biogenic amines and phytate-phosphorus

ABSTACT This study investigated the fermentation of liquid feed for pigs and the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) supplementation on fermentation rate, dry matter losses (DML), formation of biogenic amines and degradation of phytate-P. The basal substrate in all three in-vitro batch experiments consisted of 50% canola meal, 25% wheat, and 25% barley. The mixed substrates were adjusted to a dry matter (DM) content of 28.4% and fermented in 1L-vessels at 37° C for 24 h. Experiment 1 focused on changes in pH profiles over time. Treatments were: (1) liquid feed without additive (control) and (2) liquid feed supplemented with a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Lactobacillus lactis (adLAB) at 2.0 × 10 5 CFU/g liquid feed (wet wt.; n = 8). Substrate pH was measured every 2 h. Experiment 2 focused on DML and the impact of fermentation on phytate-P. Treatments were identical to experiment 1 (control and adLAB; n = 8). Measured parameters included concentration of lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and phytate-P, and DML after 24 h of fermentation. Counts of molds, Enterobobacteriaceae, yeasts and LAB were determined in one combined sample of all replicates. Dry matter losses were lower in LAB supplemented fermentations (5.89%) compared to the control (11.8%; P < 0.001). Supplementation with LAB reduced the phytate-P content (2.66 g/kg DM) compared to the control (3.07 g/kg DM; P = 0.002). Experiment 3 evaluated DML and the impact of fermentation on formation of biogenic amines. Treatments were: (1) control, (2) adLAB (2.0 × 10 5 CFU LAB/g liquid feed), (3) adLys (0.60% DM supplemented lysine) and (4) adLAB+Lys (combination of adLAB and adLys; n = 8). The fermentation of adLys resulted in a nearly complete breakdown of supplemented lysine, while only 10% of supplemented lysine was lost in adLAB+Lys. Furthermore, all adLys samples tested positive for cadaverine (mean concentration 0.89% DM), while no adLAB samples contained cadaverine above the detection limit (P < 0.001). Results indicate that DML is reduced in fermentations supplemented with homofermentative LAB. Fermentation of liquid feed with homofermentative LAB can effectively reduce the degradation of supplemental lysine, and has the potential to further improve P availability.

Effect of Fermented Liquid Feed (FLF) on Performance and Feed Efficiency of Large White Yorkshire (LWY) Pigs under Tropical Climate of North-East India

Background: Feeding of fermented feed is not popular among the pig farmers inspite of manifold advantages as preparation is laborious, involves technical knowledge requiring considerable time. An attempt was made to standardise a preparation method of FLF and comparative assessment was made with dry and liquid feed in LWY pigs. Methods: Twenty-four weaned LWY piglets (11.45±2.42 to 11.46±2.37 kg) were assigned - dry feed (T1), Liquid feed (T2), liquid feed fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus (T3) and liquid feed fermented with Enterococcus faecium (T4) in a 180 days feeding trial. Liquid feed was prepared by mixing feed and water at 1:2 (w/w) and the FLFs were prepared by fermenting liquid feed with Lactobacillus acidophilus for T3 and Enterococcus faecium for T4. Pigs were fed individually ad libitum considering each piglet as replicate. Nutrient digestibility was estimated at 18th and 30th week of age conducting two feeding trials. Carcass traits and sensory quality of pork were evaluated by slaughtering 3 pigs from each treatment at the end of trial. Result: No significant effect (P greater than 0.05) of FLFs was observed in feed intake in the growing phase, but it was significantly high in T3 and T4 in the finishing phase. Significantly (P less than 0.05) high body weight gain with improvement of 17.76% in T3 and 17.71% in T4 were recorded. Apparent nutrient digestibility was better in T3 and T4 and crude protein digestibility was significantly (P less than 0.05) high in T3 in finishing phase. Significantly improved feed efficiency was recorded for T3 and T4. The feeding cost/kg body weight gain was Rs. 128.36, 120.43, 112.87 and 115.51, respectively for T1, T2, T3 and T4. Significantly high dressing% and carcass length with positive effect on water holding capacity were observed for feeding FLFs, but without any significant effect on proximate composition and sensory attributes of pork.

Optimalization of Design Parameters of Experimental Installation Concerning Preparation of Liquid Feed Mixtures

The article describes the initial conditions for the development of universal mechanization means for the process of mixing dry and liquid components. The essence of the method is to study the motion of a particle with different constructive and physical properties of the medium. The mathematical model of particle motion is based on theoretical mechanics and hydraulics. In this case, the main purpose of the study is to find the optimal design parameters for the installation. At the beginning, a theoretical analysis of the installation was carried out using the methods of classical mechanics and hydraulics. Experimental studies were carried out in several stages. At the beginning, one-factor experiments were conducted, followed by allocating the main factors and determining their interaction. Then, using the methods of planning the experiment, we obtained the regression equations and further optimized the parameters to summarize the main findings of the article. Modern installations should have versatility in any technological line; for example, an installation is presented that can not only mix, but further transport the mixture like a conventional pump, while providing a dosing device that is necessary for the feeding of dry components. Theoretical studies have been carried out in which the design of the impeller is substantiated at various speeds. Experimental studies to determine the design parameters of the installation are in continuous operation. The degree of homogeneity was Θ = 74%, with β2 = 80 … 100° and βst = 65 … 102°, while the value of the consumption of electrical energy is equal to Eel = 0.265 … 0.28 kWh/t.

Microbial Quality of Liquid Feed for Pigs and Its Impact on the Porcine Gut Microbiome

There is evidence that spontaneous fermentation frequently occurs in liquid pig feed that is intended to be delivered as fresh liquid feed, often with a resultant deterioration in the microbial and nutritional quality of the feed, which can negatively affect pig health and growth. Strategies including controlled fermentation with microbial inoculants, pre-fermentation or soaking of the cereal fraction of the diet, enzyme supplementation and dietary acidification have been employed to inhibit pathogens and prevent deterioration of feed nutritional quality, with promising results obtained in many cases. This review evaluates the impact of these strategies on the microbial quality of liquid feed and discusses how they can be further improved. It also investigates if/how these strategies impact the pig gut microbiota and growth performance of liquid-fed pigs. Finally, we review liquid feed system sanitisation practices, which are highly variable from farm to farm and discuss the impact of these practices and whether they are beneficial or detrimental to liquid feed microbial quality. Overall, we provide a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge on liquid feed for pigs, focusing on factors affecting microbial quality and strategies for its optimisation, as well as its impact on the pig gut microbiome.

121 Use of Fermentation Co-products in Pet Food and Animal Feeds

Fermentation is used to create foods and beverages that are enjoyed by people around the world. Similarly, fermentation creates direct opportunities for feed application such as fermented liquid feed or fermented feedstuffs. Other opportunities exist: fermentation followed by extraction of a main product for human or biofuel application also creates co-products that require application in petfood or animal feeds for valorization. Indeed, cereal grains are fermented to produce beer, distilled spirits, or bioethanol and their associated co-products can be fed either wet or dry. For example, traditional beer production using fermentation of barley grain produces abundant brewer’s spent grains and also brewer’s spent hops and yeast as co-products. Brewer’s spent grains are mostly fed wet to ruminants due to its greater fiber content than barley grain and avoiding the cost of its drying required for compound feed application. Wet brewer’s yeast can be used as feedstuff in liquid feed systems for swine. Dried brewer’s yeast can be considered for pet food application due to included nutrients, nucleotides, mannan oligosaccharides, and β-glucans. Other cereal grains such as corn and rice are also used for beer production. Whiskey is produced using fermentation of an array of cereal grains, and distiller’s co-products have traditionally been fed wet or dry mostly to cattle. For the last two decades, large-scale production of ethanol as biofuel has created the co-product distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as commodity feedstuff. Subsequently, DDGS has been used in livestock feed and petfood as protein source. With animal feed application, dietary inclusion of fermentation co-products provides opportunities for circular agriculture whereby nutrients excreted by livestock will be applied to soil to support grain production. Finally, depending on price and quality, fermentation co-products may be part of pet food and livestock feed formulations to achieve competitive cost and functionality.

A Look at the Industrial Production of Olefins Based on Naphtha Feed: A Process Study of a Petrochemical Unit

Olefins (ethylene, propylene and butadiene) as raw materials play an important role in a lot of chemical and polymer products. In industrial scale, there are several techniques from crude oil, natural gas, coal and methanol for the olefins production. Each of these has some advantages. The petrochemicals with liquid feed can simultaneously produce all of the olefins. Shazand Petrochemical Co. (as the first olefins production unit in Iran) produces all of the olefins using naphtha (light and heavy) feed. In this chapter, the production process of olefins based on naphtha will be studied from the beginning to the end (involving pyrolysis, compression, chilling and fractionation processes).

Kandungan Energi Bruto, Energi Tercerna dan Energi Metabolis Pakan Cair Fermentasi Berbahan Biji Asam Utuh pada Babi Grower

Tamarind seeds have a high energy content but have limited use for pigs because the seed coat is tough and contains anti-nutrient tannins. Therefore, liquid feed fermentation technology is carried out. The aim of this research was to assess the gross energy, digestible energy, and metabolic energy content of liquid feed fermentation (Lff) with different fermentation times in growing pigs. The research materials were whole tamarind seeds, bran, corn, meat and bone meal, and soybean meal. The study used a completely randomized design and consisted of 5 treatments and 5 replications. Treatment = Lf0: Lff time 0 days; Lf1: Lff for 7 days, Lf2: Lff for 14 days, Lf3: Lff for 21days, Lf4: Lff for 28 days fermentation. The research variables were the energy content of the ration and the prediction of digestible energy and metabolic energy value. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan's advanced test. The results showed that the Lff with different fermentation time had a significant effect (P <0,05) on gross energy, digestible energy, and metabolic energy value. The best value of energy is Lff for 21 days. It was concluded that the time for fermentation of liquid feed made from tamarind seeds which can produce good energy content, digestibility, and metabolic energy is 21 days.