lack of fit
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Author(s):  
Arief Huzaimi Md Yusof ◽  
Siti Salwa Abd Gani ◽  
Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan ◽  
Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi

This study was used a mixture design to optimize the spreadability and viscosity of topical hair gel incorporates cocoa shell extract. The factor of the hair gel ingredient was thickener (0.2 – 0.8%), styling polymer A (2-5%), styling polymer B (2-6%), and solvent (84.63-91.63%) were studied on two responses selected spreadability and viscosity. The data collected were fitted to the model with high coefficient determination (R2= 0.994 for the spreadability and 0.9937 for the viscosity). The model can be predicted by showing the good lack of fit test result not significant with the p-value bigger than 0.05. From the ramp function simulation, the optimized formulation was selected and established at thickener (0.55%), styling polymer A (3.61%), styling polymer B (3.72%), and solvent (88.55%) with the spreadability and viscosity at 353.77 g.s and 39.91 pa.s respectively. The benefit of using mixture design in this experiment, it can help a formulator to understand the complex interaction between factors and can easily modify the formulation through ramp function simulation to obtain the desired result. The predicted validation test shows that both values were comparable. Under this condition showed that the model development could be used to predict future observations within the design range thickener (0.2 – 0.8%), styling polymer A (2-5%), styling polymer B (2-6%), and solvent (84.63-91.63%).


Author(s):  
Basem Elarbe ◽  
Ibrahim Elganidi ◽  
Norida Ridzuan ◽  
Kamal Yusoh ◽  
Norhayati Abdullah ◽  
...  

AbstractWax deposition in production pipelines and transportation tubing from offshore to onshore is critical in the petroleum industry due to low-temperature conditions. The most significant popular approach to solve this issue is by inserting a wax inhibitor into the channel. This research aims to reduce the amount of wax formation of Malaysian crude oil by estimating the effective parameters using Design-Expert by full factorial design (FFD) method. Five parameters have been investigated, which are rotation speed (A), cold finger temperature (B), duration of experimental (C), the concentration of poly (stearyl acrylate-co-behenyl acrylate) (SABA) (D), and concentration of nano-silica SiO2 (E). The optimum conditions for reducing the amount of wax deposit have been identified using FFD at 300 rpm, 10 ℃, 1 h, 1200 ppm and 400 ppm, respectively. The amount of wax deposit estimated is 0.12 g. The regression model’s variance results revealed that the R2 value of 0.9876, showing 98.76% of the data variation, can be described by the model. The lack of fit is not important in comparison to the pure error, which is good. The lack of fit F value of 12.85 means that there is only a 7.41% probability that this huge can occur because of noise. The influence of cold finger temperature was reported as the main contributing factor in the formation of wax deposits compared to other factors. In addition, the interaction between factor B and factor C revealed the highest interaction effect on the wax deposition. In conclusion, the best interaction variables for wax inhibition can be determined using FFD. It is a valued tool to measure and detect the unique relations of two or more variables. As a result, the findings of this study can be used to develop a reliable model for predicting optimum conditions for reducing wax deposits and the associated costs and processing time.


2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-100
Author(s):  
Farzana Afroz

Traditionally, the overdispersion parameter ϕ is estimated by using Pearson’s lack of fit statistic X2or the Deviance statistic D, which do not perform well in the case of sparse data. This paper particularly focuses on an estimator ϕnew of overdispersion parameter which was proposed for sparse multinomial data. The estimator was derived on the basis of an assumption on the 3rd cumulant of the response variable.When the data comes from the Dirichlet-multinomial distribution ϕnew is known to have the lowest root mean squared error comparing to the other three estimators. In this paper the 1st to 3rd order raw moments of the finite mixture of Dirichlet-multinomial distributions are derived, which results in complicated mathematical expressions. Furthermore, it is found that the 3rd cumulant of this mixture does not satisfy the assumption which is considered in the derivation of ϕnew . Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 69(2): 96-100, 2021 (July)


2021 ◽  
Vol 1192 (1) ◽  
pp. 012019
Author(s):  
S I S Shaharuddin ◽  
N B A Aziz ◽  
N Bacho ◽  
N K M Khairussaleh ◽  
A Tumian ◽  
...  

Abstract The wax used in the batik industry plays a significant role as its composition dictates the ease of wax rendering, dye layering, and wax removal process. This study aims to evaluate the effect of dammar additions on soy wax/beeswax blends based on the mass loss (%) of the wax-covered cotton fabric in 100°C water. Central composite design (CCD), a subset of response surface methodology (RSM) was used to develop a response model (Y: mass loss %) for three independent variables (X1:beeswax, X2:soy wax, X3:dammar). The final quadratic response model obtained (F value =5.43, lack of fit F value = 4.70, adequate precision = 7.65) was proposed in this study. ANOVA analysis showed that the standard error of design was relatively small, ranging between 0.43 to 1.18 for the design space. It was deduced from the response model, that increasing the dammar content in the soy wax/beeswax blends increases the mass loss (%), possibly due to the compositional inhomogeneity of the blends. The result of this study shows great potentials in formulating new soy wax-based compositions that produce varying degrees of ease of wax removal for the batik industry.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claartje J. Vinkenburg ◽  
Carolin Ossenkop ◽  
Helene Schiffbaenker

PurposeIn this contribution to EDI's professional insights, the authors develop practical and evidence-based recommendations that are developed for bias mitigation, discretion elimination and process optimization in panel evaluations and decisions in research funding. An analysis is made of how the expectation of “selling science” adds layers of complexity to the evaluation and decision process. The insights are relevant for optimization of similar processes, including publication, recruitment and selection, tenure and promotion.Design/methodology/approachThe recommendations are informed by experiences and evidence from commissioned projects with European research funding organizations. The authors distinguish between three aspects of the evaluation process: written applications, enacted performance and group dynamics. Vignettes are provided to set the stage for the analysis of how bias and (lack of) fit to an ideal image makes it easier for some than for others to be funded.FindingsIn research funding decisions, (over)selling science is expected but creates shifting standards for evaluation, resulting in a narrow band of acceptable behavior for applicants. In the authors' recommendations, research funding organizations, evaluators and panel chairs will find practical ideas and levers for process optimization, standardization and customization, in terms of awareness, accountability, biased language, criteria, structure and time.Originality/valueShowing how “selling science” in research funding adds to the cumulative disadvantage of bias, the authors offer design specifications for interventions to mitigate the negative effects of bias on evaluations and decisions, improve selection habits, eliminate discretion and create a more inclusive process.


2021 ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Clemens Tesch-Römer ◽  
Hans-Werner Wahl ◽  
Suresh I. S. Rattan ◽  
Liat Ayalon

In this chapter the authors argue that physical, spatial, and technological environments are relevant to successful ageing both in a conceptual and in a practical sense. Conceptually, efforts towards ageing successfully cannot be discussed separately from the various external forces that serve as constraining or enhancing influences in this respect. From a practical point of view, interventions aimed at improving one’s environment become increasingly relevant as an individual’s resources and reserve capacities dwindle. Environments for ageing successfully may be characterized in terms of person–environment docility vs proactivity, person–environment fit vs lack of fit, and person–environment agency vs belonging. The authors link these concepts with various models of successful ageing and discuss practical implications for housing, long-term care environments, neighbourhoods, municipalities, and use of digital technology.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Klenow ◽  
Joel Schulz

The prosthetic socket is commonly considered to be the most important part of the prosthesis and lack of fit can lead to skin breakdown, reduction in wear, reduction in activity, and consequential deleterious health effects. Furthermore, approximately 90% of amputations are due to a vascular etiology, which affect fluid retention regularity, and even small limb volume fluctuations can lead to lack of fit. Adjustability in the socket volume has been suggested as a potential solution to common fit issues but has lacked market penetration mostly due to lack of reimbursement. Despite this there are several adjustable-volume sockets emerging on the market today including prefabricated, modular, custom with adjustable-volume component, custom with adjustable-volume feature, and adjustable-hybrid sockets. Prefabricated sockets are mass produced in common sizes and fit directly to the patient by a prosthetist using pad kits, BOA dials, or straps. Modular sockets are assembled to a patient or model with panels or struts attached to an adjustable base. Custom sockets with adjustable-volume elements are traditionally-fabricated sockets made to a model of a patient’s limb with a volume-adjustable component added or volume-adjustable feature built in. Custom-hybrid sockets are made custom to a model of the patient’s limb and incorporate several aspects of the previous socket types and include some radically-unique design aspects which cannot be limited to one category. These adjustable-volume sockets offer several advantages to traditional rigid-volume sockets for the patient, prosthetist, and providing clinic. The micro-adjustability for the patient allows them to alter fit without removing the socket, maintaining a more intimate fit throughout the day than traditional sockets. The macro-adjustability for the prosthetist allows for increased options for fit customization including the ability to reverse or undo changes without necessarily re-making the socket. This allows for the most optimal fit for the patient. Adjustable volume also present efficiencies in the fitting process by simplifying or eliminating steps including residual limb shape capture, form modification, diagnostic fabrication, iterative alteration, and definitive fabrication with the different socket types affecting different steps. Due to these factors, adjustable-volume sockets have disrupted the market to the point where reimbursement reform is needed including additional L-codes in the United States and fee-for-service or fee-for-outcome associated with prosthetic follow-up care. Prosthetic care should also be separated from durable medical equipment to allow for alternative reimbursement models. As reimbursement adapts prosthetists must adapt correspondingly to differentiate their skillset from other allied health providers including incorporating more objective methods to show superior care outcomes. This adaptation should include a continued push for state and municipal licensure of prosthetists. Article PDF Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/cpoj/article/view/35208/28346 How To Cite: Klenow TD, Schulz J. Adjustable-volume prosthetic sockets: market overview and value propositions. Canadian Prosthetics & Orthotics Journal. 2021; Volume 4, Issue 2, No.17 https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v4i2.35208 Corresponding Author: Tyler D. Klenow, MSPO, MBA, CLPO, FAAOPMartin Bionics Clinical CareE-Mail: [email protected] ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6372-2241


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Bryce Dixon Sopp ◽  
Ruben Valbuena

Abstract Plant allometry is key for determining the role of forests in global carbon cycles, through the calculation of tree biomass using proxy measurements such as tree diameters or heights. Metabolic ecology theory (MET) considers the general principles that underpin allometry, but MET scaling relationships have been challenged on their lack of fit to empirical data and global applicability. We postulated that MET scaling is applicable only for plant tissues combining conductive and supportive functionality (tracheids), but as plants evolved tissues of specialized conductive functionality (vessels) their allometry progressed into more complex relationships. According to this principle, we deducted generalized MET (gMET) relationships with mechanistically deducted coefficients. Our gMET models proved to have exceptional empirical support against global datasets, achieving unbiased predictions across biomes worldwide. These results prove gMET models to be a crucial improvement to MET-based allometry, providing a universally applicable theoretical framework for worldwide estimations of forest carbon.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Mohammad Lutfor Rahman ◽  
Ema Akter ◽  
Zakir Hossain ◽  
Aysha Sultana ◽  
Kalyan Das
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