typical distances
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2021 ◽  
Vol 2099 (1) ◽  
pp. 012055
Author(s):  
N G Scherbakova ◽  
S V Bredikhin

Abstract The analysis of networks of collaboration between scientists reveals features of academic communities that help in understanding the specifics of collaborative scientific work and identifying the notable researchers. In these networks, the set of nodes consists of authors and there exists a link between two authors if they have coauthored one or more papers. This article presents an analysis of the co-authorship network based on bibliometric data retrieved from the distributed economic database. Here we use the simple network model without taking into account the strength of collaborative ties. The data were analyzed using statistical techniques in order to get such parameters as the number of papers per author, the number of authors per paper, the average number of coauthors per author and collaboration indices. We show that the largest component occupies near 90 % of the network and the node degree distribution follows a power-law. The study of typical distances between nodes and the degree of clustering makes it possible to classify the network as a ‘small world’ network.


2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 1739-1792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pim van der Hoorn ◽  
Mariana Olvera-Cravioto

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (25) ◽  
pp. 1745007
Author(s):  
Jacques Dufour ◽  
Xavier Dufour ◽  
Fabienne Dioury ◽  
Jenny D. Vinko

Chemical reactions result from the outside shell electrons of the reacting species being shared in various types of combinations. Typical distances involved are tenths of nm, resulting in binding energies typically in the order of hundreds of kJ/mole (eV/atom). The synthesis of a novel “atomic system” formed from Iron and di-Hydrogen has been achieved. The measured enthalpy of formation is some 40 MJ/moleFe and the distance between the hydrogen proton and the iron nucleus is some 8 pm, hence the proposed name: Iron Pico-Hydride. This compound is a permanent electric dipole of atomic size. Pico-Hydrides could, thus, play a significant role in HT superconductivity and in super-capacitors. The synthesis is compatible with the standard model.


2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (S336) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Moscadelli ◽  
Alberto Sanna ◽  
Ciriaco Goddi

AbstractImaging the inner few 1000 AU around massive forming stars, at typical distances of several kpc, requires angular resolutions of better than 0″.1. Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations of interstellar molecular masers probe scales as small as a few AU, whereas (new-generation) centimeter and millimeter interferometers allow us to map scales of the order of a few 100 AU. Combining these informations all together, it presently provides the most powerful technique to trace the complex gas motions in the proto-stellar environment. In this work, we review a few compelling examples of this technique and summarize our findings.


Author(s):  
Mohammed Amin Abdullah ◽  
Nikolaos Fountoulakis ◽  
Michel Bode

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 865-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
István Kolossváry ◽  
Júlia Komjáthy; ◽  
Lajos Vágó

Abstract In this paper we study random Apollonian networks (RANs) and evolving Apollonian networks (EANs), in d dimensions for any d≥2, i.e. dynamically evolving random d-dimensional simplices, looked at as graphs inside an initial d-dimensional simplex. We determine the limiting degree distribution in RANs and show that it follows a power-law tail with exponent τ=(2d-1)/(d-1). We further show that the degree distribution in EANs converges to the same degree distribution if the simplex-occupation parameter in the nth step of the dynamics tends to 0 but is not summable in n. This result gives a rigorous proof for the conjecture of Zhang et al. (2006) that EANs tend to exhibit similar behaviour as RANs once the occupation parameter tends to 0. We also determine the asymptotic behaviour of the shortest paths in RANs and EANs for any d≥2. For RANs we show that the shortest path between two vertices chosen u.a.r. (typical distance), the flooding time of a vertex chosen uniformly at random, and the diameter of the graph after n steps all scale as a constant multiplied by log n. We determine the constants for all three cases and prove a central limit theorem for the typical distances. We prove a similar central limit theorem for typical distances in EANs.


2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Reisser ◽  
Maira Proietti ◽  
Jeremy Shaw ◽  
Charitha B Pattiaratchi

Most of our knowledge on plastic ingestion by zooplankton comes from experiments exposing invertebrates to plastic particles smaller than their feeding apparatus. By examining millimetre-sized marine plastics using a scanning electron microscope, we putatively identified some surface textures as feeding marks produced by invertebrates grazing upon the plastic biofilm. We observed sub-parallel linear scrapes with 5-14 μm spacing, which is similar to typical distances between teeth of the mandibular gnathobases of copepods. We also observed peculiar rounded marks close to an unidentified marine worm. Small portions of the plastic particles were apparently removed, and perhaps ingested, during these putative grazing activities. Thus, we suggest that (1) plastic biofouling induces plastic ingestion, and (2) plastic pieces must not necessarily be smaller than the organism for a feeding interaction to occur. Experiments exposing invertebrates to millimeter-sized plastics may support these suggestions.


2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Reisser ◽  
Maira Proietti ◽  
Jeremy Shaw ◽  
Charitha B Pattiaratchi

Most of our knowledge on plastic ingestion by zooplankton comes from experiments exposing invertebrates to plastic particles smaller than their feeding apparatus. By examining millimetre-sized marine plastics using a scanning electron microscope, we putatively identified some surface textures as feeding marks produced by invertebrates grazing upon the plastic biofilm. We observed sub-parallel linear scrapes with 5-14 μm spacing, which is similar to typical distances between teeth of the mandibular gnathobases of copepods. We also observed peculiar rounded marks close to an unidentified marine worm. Small portions of the plastic particles were apparently removed, and perhaps ingested, during these putative grazing activities. Thus, we suggest that (1) plastic biofouling induces plastic ingestion, and (2) plastic pieces must not necessarily be smaller than the organism for a feeding interaction to occur. Experiments exposing invertebrates to millimeter-sized plastics may support these suggestions.


2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (04) ◽  
pp. 981-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Barbour ◽  
G. Reinert

Both small-world models of random networks with occasional long-range connections and gossip processes with occasional long-range transmission of information have similar characteristic behaviour. The long-range elements appreciably reduce the effective distances, measured in space or in time, between pairs of typical points. In this paper we show that their common behaviour can be interpreted as a product of the locally branching nature of the models. In particular, it is shown that both typical distances between points and the proportion of space that can be reached within a given distance or time can be approximated by formulae involving the limit random variable of the branching process.


2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 981-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Barbour ◽  
G. Reinert

Both small-world models of random networks with occasional long-range connections and gossip processes with occasional long-range transmission of information have similar characteristic behaviour. The long-range elements appreciably reduce the effective distances, measured in space or in time, between pairs of typical points. In this paper we show that their common behaviour can be interpreted as a product of the locally branching nature of the models. In particular, it is shown that both typical distances between points and the proportion of space that can be reached within a given distance or time can be approximated by formulae involving the limit random variable of the branching process.


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