Surface Morphology Investigations of Nanocrystalline R2Fe14B (R = Y, Nd, Gd, Er) by Atomic Force Microscopy

The study was aimed at microstructure investigations of melt-spun rare-earth intermetallic compounds using atomic force microscopy. Surface morphology of R2Fe14B (R = Y, Nd, Gd, Er) was studied with nanometric resolution. Grain structure features were discovered depending on the rare-earth element composition and quenching regime. Grain size dependence on rare earth elements' composition decreased with the metal's serial number and atomic weight. Wherein structural size dependence on quenching wheel speed had non-linear character: increase the speed from 20 to 30 m/s led to 3 times decrease of the grain size and significant surface roughness reduction.

2D Boron Nanosheets Architectonics: Opening New Territories by Smart Functionalization

Due to its low atomic weight, two-dimensional structure, and unique physical and chemical properties, borophene has attracted strong interests from researchers across different fields. Currently, the experimentally realized polymorphs of...

The General Relativistic Perspective

The Equations from General Einstein's Relativity Theory can also be framed from a Relativistically distorted perspective. General relativity slows gravitons reducing the force, so escape velocity is limited to c. Atomic structure bosons slowing makes all elements subject to decay. Energy from slowing boson structure particles would increase matter particle velocity. The lower the atomic weight, the greater the speed, so hydrogen escapes in the most significant amounts. Distortion would never be imaginary.

Biological effects of high-diluted substances and periodic table of elements

Background and Aims. There are several experimental evidences for the effects of high-diluted substances (see e.g. C. Taddei-Ferretti, A. Cotugno 1997, on effects of high-diluted drugs on the prevention and control of mice teratogenicity induced by purine derivatives; N.C. Sukul, C. Taddei-Ferretti, S.P. Sinha Babu, A. De, B. Nandi, A. Sukul, R. Dutta-Nag 2000, on high-diluted Nux vomica countering alcohol-induced loss of righting reflex in toads). Also the physical characterization and mechanism of action of high-diluted drugs have been studied (see e.g. N.C. Sukul, A. Sukul, High dilution effects: Physical and biochemical basis 2004). However, further experimental researches are needed to clarify how physical characteristics of a drug are linked to its global biological effects. Considerations on some high-diluted mineral remedies will be developer here. Methods. In Organon, sect. 119, S. Hahnemann writes: «As certainly each species of plants is different from every other one with regard to external appearance, way of life and growth, taste and smell, and as certainly each mineral, each salt is different from the others with regard to external, internal, physical and chemical qualities [...], so certainly all these vegetal and mineral substances have pathogenetic – and thus also curative – effects different among themselves [...]». This statement may be taken as basis for considering the characteristics of some elements, as ordered in the periodic table, in relation to those of some high-diluted mineral remedies. Conclusions. The elements were previously ordered in the periodic table according to the atomic weight chemically determined, and later more precisely according to the atomic number (number of protons). Then also the electronic configuration was taken into account: properties depending on atomic mass and deep electrons are not periodical, while chemical and several physical properties are linked to external electrons which have periodical configuration. In particular, let us consider the group of elements C, P, S, Cl and the group of elements Ca, Mg, K, Na. One may conclude that the four elements of the first group (respectively receiver-or-donor of 4 electrons, receiver of 3, of 2, of 1 electron), which, according to H. Bernard, are linked to the fixed human constitutions, are close among themselves in the periodic table, while they are very distant from the four elements of the second group (respectively donor of 2, of 2, of 1, of 1 electron), which are close among themselves and are linked to the changing constitutional stages.

Superconductivity in the Layered Cage Compound Ba3Rh4Ge16

We report the synthesis and superconducting properties of a layered cage compound Ba3Rh4Ge16. Similar to Ba3Ir4Ge16, the compound is composed of 2D networks of cage units, formed by noncubic Rh–Ge building blocks, in marked contrast to the reported rattling compounds. The electrical resistivity, magnetization, specific heat capacity, and μSR measurements unveiled moderately coupled s-wave superconductivity with a critical temperature T c = 7.0 K, the upper critical field μ 0 H c2(0) ∼ 2.5 T, the electron-phonon coupling strength λ e−ph ∼ 0.80, and the Ginzburg–Landau parameter κ ∼ 7.89. The mass reduction with the substitution of Ir by Rh is believed to be responsible for the enhancement of T c and coupling between the cage and guest atoms. Our results highlight the importance of atomic weight of framework in cage compounds in controlling the λ e−ph strength and T c.

Unification of gravitation and electromagnetic force(First Portion)

Since electron has been discovered, people have been thinking it possess one electric charge, the nuclear possess contrary charge. Based on the provided new discovery that moving photons do create force, I have calculated the number Z of elements, discovered that the number Z of elements can be calculated by frequency of x-ray, and the atomic weight can also be calculated by frequency of x-ray. This method of calculated way shows the essence of electric charge, and shows the essence of gravitational mass, from this way, here in first time provide one way show the unification of gravitation and electromagnetic force.

Unification of gravitation and electromagnetic force(First Portion)

Since electron has been discovered, people have been thinking it possess one electric charge, the nuclear possess contrary charge. Based on the provided new discovery that moving photons do create force, I have calculated the number Z of elements, discovered that the number Z of elements can be calculated by frequency of x-ray, and the atomic weight can also be calculated by frequency of x-ray. This method of calculated way shows the essence of electric charge, and shows the essence of gravitational mass, from this way, here in first time provide one way show the unification of gravitation and electromagnetic force.

Trivalent Ions and Their Impacts on Effective Conductivity at 300 K and Radio-Protective Behaviors of Bismo-Borate Glasses: A Comparative Investigation for Al, Y, Nd, Sm, Eu

We aimed to determine the contribution of various trivalent ions like Al and rare-earths (Y, Nd, Sm, Eu) on resistance behaviors of different types of bismo-borate glasses. Accordingly, eight different bismuth borate glasses from the system: 40Bi2O3–59B2O3–1Tv2O3 (where Tv = Al, Y, Nd, Sm, and Eu) and three glasses of (40Bi2O3–60B2O3; 37.5Bi2O3–62.5B2O3; and 38Bi2O3–60B2O3–2Al2O3) compositions were extensively investigated in terms of their nuclear attenuation shielding properties, along with effective conductivity and buildup factors. The Py-MLBUF online platform was also utilized for determination of some essential parameters. Next, attenuation coefficients, along with half and tenth value layers, have been determined in the 0.015 MeV–15 MeV photon energy range. Moreover, effective atomic numbers and effective atomic weight, along with exposure and energy absorption buildup factors, were determined in the same energy range. The result showed that the type of trivalent ion has a direct effect on behaviors of bismo-borate glasses against ionizing gamma-rays. As incident photon energy increases, the effective thermal conductivity decreases rapidly, especially in the low energy range, where photoelectric effects dominate the photon–matter interaction. Sample 8 had the minimum heat conductivity at low photon energies; our findings showed that Eu-reinforced bismo-borate glass composition, namely 40Bi2O3–59B2O3–1Eu2O3, with a glass density of 6.328 g/cm3 had superior gamma-ray attenuation properties. These outcomes would be useful for the scientific community to observe the most suitable additive rareearth type and related glass composition for providing the aforementioned shielding properties, in terms of needs and utilization requirements.

On the Effect of the M3+ Origin on the Properties and Aldol Condensation Performance of MgM3+ Hydrotalcites and Mixed Oxides

Hydrotalcites (HTCs) are promising solid base catalysts to produce advanced biofuels by aldol condensation. Their main potential lies in the tunability of their acid-base properties by varying their composition. However, the relationship between the composition of hydrotalcites, their basicity, and their catalytic performance has not yet been fully revealed. Here, we investigate systematically the preparation of HTCs with the general formula of Mg6M3+2(OH)16CO3·4H2O, where M3+ stands for Al, Ga, Fe, and In, while keeping the Mg/M3+ equal to 3. We use an array of analytical methods including XRD, N2 physisorption, CO2-TPD, TGA-MS, FTIR-ATR, and SEM to assess changes in the properties and concluded that the nature of M3+ affected the HTC crystallinity. We show that the basicity of the HTC-derived mixed oxides decreased with the increase in atomic weight of M3+, which was reflected by decreased furfural conversion in its aldol condensation with acetone. We demonstrate that all MgM3+ mixed oxides can be fully rehydrated, which boosted their activity in aldol condensation. Taking all characterization results together, we conclude that the catalytic performance of the rehydrated HTCs is determined by the “host” MgO component, rather than the nature of M3+.