expectancy violation
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2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Tomasi ◽  
Chaodong Han ◽  
James Otto

PurposeFacebook groups provide a forum for members to post content and engage with others through comments. Sometimes members behave poorly and violate the expectations of group members. In this study, the authors build a research framework based on expectancy violation theory (EVT) to predict and better understand the behaviour and responses of members when faced with violations in their groups.Design/methodology/approachFacebook group members completed surveys regarding their interactions in social media groups. The independent variable predictors in the study were categorized by personal characteristics, relationship characteristics and group characteristics. Participants also identified expectancy violations they had encountered (either severe or mild) and identified how they would react to the two types of violations. Regression models were developed for severe and mild violations.FindingsThe regression models show that personal characteristics such as age, gender and marital status; relationship characteristics such as their social media usage frequency and their social media engagement level; group characteristics such as anonymity of users and purpose of the group as well as the perceived severity of the violation influence how a member will respond to the expectancy violation.Originality/valueThe research study extends the existing expectancy violation literature by providing a comprehensive framework to predict how users will react to negative expectancy violations. This study also has practical implications for how group administrators might manage expectancy violations.


2021 ◽  
pp. 105065192110216
Author(s):  
Jon Agley

The social media account for Steak-umm, a frozen food product, achieved notoriety in 2020 for its messages about how to evaluate the quality of information. Bogomoletc and Lee proposed that the positive reaction to these messages being posted by a brand account resulted from expectancy violations and verified their idea with an analysis of 1,000 randomly selected tweets responding to Steak-umm's tweets. This comment responds to their work from a public health perspective and asks whether the expectancies that were violated were also those of nonscientists in general, allowing the tweets to serve as relief amidst a cavalcade of misinformation about COVID-19.


2021 ◽  
pp. 104225872110297
Author(s):  
Blakley C. Davis ◽  
Benjamin J. Warnick ◽  
Aaron H. Anglin ◽  
Thomas H. Allison

Crowdfunded microlending research implies that both communal and agentic characteristics are valued. These characteristics, however, are often viewed as being at odds with one another due to their association with gender stereotypes. Drawing upon expectancy violation theory and research on gender stereotypes, we theorize that gender-counterstereotypical facial expressions of emotion provide a means for entrepreneurs to project “missing” agentic or communal characteristics. Leveraging computer-aided facial expression analysis to analyze entrepreneur photographs from 43,210 microloan appeals, we show that women benefit from stereotypically masculine facial expressions of anger and disgust, whereas men benefit from stereotypically feminine facial expressions of sadness and happiness.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Yang ◽  
Juan Mundel

Purpose This study aims to explore the role of consumers’ expectation violation in brands’ negative eWOM management on social media. The effects of brand feedback strategies (i.e. compensation and causal attribution) and brand type (i.e. full-service vs low-cost) in consumers’ expectation violations and the impact of such violations on consumers’ satisfaction and responses to a brand (i.e. brand love and brand hate) were examined. Design/methodology/approach This study used a 2 (causal attribution: external/brand) × 2 (compensation: present/absent) × 2 (brand type: low cost vs full service) × 2 (industry: airline and hotel) between-subjects experimental design. Findings Results indicated that the presence (vs absence) of compensation can result in positive consumer expectation violations, which can lead to consumer satisfaction and brand love. Alternately, the absence of compensation can result in negative consumer expectation violations, which can lead to consumers dissatisfaction and brand hate. Moreover, brand type (i.e. full-service vs low-cost) significantly interacted with the presence of compensation in influencing consumers’ responses. The attribution of the cause did not significantly influence consumers’ responses. Practical implications This study highlights the importance of knowing consumers’ expectations when responding to negative eWOM on social media. Offering compensation is an effective strategy for restoring consumer satisfaction. Specifically, for low-cost brands, offering compensation can lead to even more favorable responses. Originality/value This study pioneers in exploring the roles of different brand feedback strategies and brand type in influencing consumers’ responses to brands’ handling of negative eWOM. This study revealed the underlying mechanism through the theoretical lens of expectancy violation and examined the impact of expectation violations on consumer satisfaction and brand love and brand hate.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jürgen Hoyer ◽  
Hannah C.M. Niermann
Keyword(s):  

Expositionsübungen (Reizkonfrontationen) stellen die wichtigste Interventionskomponente bei Angststörungen dar; Verhaltensexperimente die wichtigste beobachtungsbezogene Disputationsmethode. Beides sind Beispiele erfahrungsorientierten Lernens in der Verhaltenstherapie. In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit werden diese Vorgehensweisen definiert, in ihren Durchführungsvarianten dargestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer logischen Begründung sowie ihrer hypothetischen Wirkmechanismen verglichen. Dabei wird deutlich, dass beide Ansätze gemäß dem Prinzip der Erwartungs- bzw. Befürchtungswiderlegung (expectancy violation) erwartungs- bzw. einstellungskonträre Erfahrungen ermöglichen sollen. Der Schwerpunkt bei den Expositionsübungen liegt auf der Veränderung des emotionalen Erlebens und automatisierter Vermeidungsreaktionen in bestimmten Zielsituationen, bei den Verhaltensexperimenten liegt er auf der Veränderung von Einstellungen und Erwartungen. Ferner wird bei den Expositionsübungen der Erwerb emotionaler Kompetenzen (Furchttoleranz) angestrebt, was bei Verhaltensexperimenten zumindest nicht primär intendiert ist. Zwar zielt die Fallkonzeption bei Expositionen mehr auf die Veränderung problematischer Handlungen/Vermeidungsreaktionen und bei Verhaltensexperimenten mehr auf die Veränderung problematischer Kognitionen, beide Interventionsvarianten konvergieren aber grundsätzlich hinsichtlich des übenden Ansatzes, bei dem durch häufige Wiederholung im Alltag positive Kontrasterfahrungen stabil im Gedächtnis verankert werden sollen.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Zhenhong He ◽  
Xiang Ao ◽  
Nils Muhlert ◽  
Rebecca Elliott ◽  
Dandan Zhang

Abstract Background Abnormal processing of social feedback is an important contributor to social dysfunction in depression, however the exact mechanisms remain unclear. One important factor may be the extent to which social processing depends on expectations, in particular whether social feedback confirms or violates expectations. Methods To answer this question, we studied behavioral and brain responses during the evaluative processing of social feedback in 25 individuals with subthreshold depression (SD) and 25 healthy controls (HCs). Participants completed a Social Judgment Task in which they first indicated expectation about whether a peer would like them or not, and then received peer's feedback indicating acceptance or rejection. Results Individuals with SD who reported greater depressive symptoms gave fewer positive expectations. Compared to HCs, individuals with SD showed reduced activation in the medial prefrontal cortex when expecting positive feedback. They also exhibited increased dorsal anterior cingulate cortex after receipt of unexpected social rejection, and reduced ventral striatum activity after receipt of unexpected social acceptance. Conclusions The observed alternations are specific to unexpected social feedback processing and highlight an important role of expectancy violation in the brain dysfunction of social feedback perception and evaluation in individuals at risk for depression.


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