Generational differences in income trajectories in the Nordic welfare state

How much it matters for your income development what generation you happen to be born? We answer this question by using registers of the total population, we study generational income inequality during 1970–2018 and, for men and women in Finland. We follow the income trajectories of the cohorts born in 1920–1983 over their adult life course and observed, how certain structural factors explain differences in income trajectories. Our study expands state-of-the-art knowledge, as previous research has often bypassed the question of how much generational income differences explains of populations total income inequalities and what factors may explain the different generational income trajectories. Results show that overall generational income differences explained quarter for women and 6 percent for men total income inequality. Each successive cohort until 1980s had a higher average income trajectory. However, generation born in the 1980s has been falling behind. For both men and women, age structure and education were the most important factors associated with income inequality. On contrary to previous findings on Nordic welfare state, our results also indicate that, generational income trajectories are affected by economic shocks.

Analisis Pendapatan Murabahah

This study aims to determine the level of development of murabahah margin income and determine the determination of murabahah financing margins at BMT Tamzis Cimahi Branch. In this study the authors conducted research using descriptive qualitative research methods with a case study approach, namely research conducted in depth about aspects of the social environment including humans in it, either individually, in groups, or in the environment around BMT Tamzis Cimahi branch. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that the factors in determining the murabahah margin are based on the ceiling value and financing period and are analyzed using th e 5C + 1S analysis principle including character, capacity, capital, condition, collateral, and sharia and the level of income development in BMT. Tamzis Cimahi branch experienced ups and downs from year to year where it can be seen from 2012 to 2016 the average income was Rp.262,183,200 with a total income of Rp.1,310,916,000 with details in 2013 it decreased by Rp.19,026,000 and decreased again. in 2014 with a total decrease of IDR 184,655,000. however, in 2015 the murabahah contract at BMT Tamzis increased again by Rp. 117,193,000 and in 2016 it increased again from the previous year of Rp. 70,409,000. The determination of the murabahah financing margin at BMT Tamzis undergoes several stages including starting with fundraising, deposit contracts, BMT, financing products, goods and then setting margins to generate income for BMT and 'attayya.

Income inequality and intragenerational income mobility in Sweden from 1983 to 2010: Following two birth cohorts

Sweden has been known for having one of the most equal income distributions in the world. However, in recent decades, Sweden has experienced increasing income inequality. An alternative way of measuring the development of inequality is to study and compare the income development within and between two birth cohorts according to gender and different positions of income distribution. The focus in this paper is to study how individual disposable personal income has changed by aging and at various positions of the income distribution, as well as the gender disposable income gap and intragenerational income mobility. Three positions of the income distribution were chosen: percentile 10; median; and percentile 99. Two cohorts, including all individuals born in 1948 and 1958, were tracked from 35 years of age to 53 years of age – with two 18-year overlapping periods, 1983–2000, and 1993–2010. The results show a complex and multifaceted image of the development of income inequality and mobility, within and between the two birth cohorts. Especially male low-income earners, born 1958, have been left behind. Income mobility differ according to gender where women have increased mobility in the bottom quintile and decreased in the top quintile, men experienced the opposite. When modelling mobility education have decreased to contribute to an upward mobility, especial for cohort born 1958. Taking all the results together, the development of increasing income inequality in Sweden is apparent.

Challenges and Prospects for Russian Youth in the Modern Labor Market

The paper analyzes the current state of youth employment. Findings of 2019 representative sociological study of youth cohorts show that early entry into labor market is a social norm commonly followed by all groups of young people. The paper studies characteristics of jobs taken up by young people. About one third of graduates works in the field of their specialization (major), their share is relatively higher in the social sector and among them, there are more those who have high quality educational resources. The paper covers an integral estimation of job satisfaction, showing that one third of young people are satisfied with their job above average, while 24% of surveyed are not satisfied with their position on the labor market. It shows that young people find the prospects of career progress (48%) and income development (64%) rather realistic. The factors that contribute to the prospects on the labor market are living in major cities and availability of high-quality educational resources.

What Is the “Middle Income Trap”?

In 2007, Indermit Gill and Homi Kharas (2007), two World Bank economists, published a report titled An East Asian Renaissance: Ideas for Economic Growth, which suggested that East Asia would soon develop into a middle-income region and proposed the concept of the “middle income trap”. It should be noted that the report did not provide an in-depth interpretation of the concept, nor did it offer a clear income range for the “middle income trap”. In 2011, Homi Kharas and Harinder Kohli (2011) further elaborated on the concept, specifying that when a country escapes the poverty trap in the low-income development stage and enters into the middle-income development phase, the country may face growth stagnation and inability to further move up the ladder into the high-income range.

Division of Childcare Leave among Parents of Children with a Serious Illness

Balancing work and family may be particularly challenging for parents of seriously ill children. This Swedish registry-based study, including 2,788 parents of children with cancer and a matched reference cohort of 27,110 parents, used regression models to analyze the division of childcare, measured as use of temporary parental leave (TPL), and how it relates to income division within couples and change in income over time. The results show that the number of days on TPL increased significantly following a child’s cancer diagnosis, particularly among mothers. Fathers’ share of the couple’s total income was not found to be a strong predictor of the division of TPL, and no association was found between TPL and income development. The study highlights the considerable time needed to care for a seriously ill child, unevenly distributed between mothers and fathers, and suggests that factors other than economic resources may influence the division of childcare responsibility.

EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN THROUGH ORGANISASI PEMBERDAYAAN KESEJAHTERAAN KELUARGA (FAMILY WELFARE AND EMPOWERMENT ORGANIZATION) IN THE FAMILY INCOME DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN BANJARBARU CITY, INDONESIA

<p>Empowerment is an effort to raise awareness and develop community potential in order to increase capacity that will allow the community to get out of poverty on the basis of their own abilities. In order for the realization of community empowerment, the government through the Pemberdayaan dan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (PKK) organization formed the Family Income Development Program or Usaha Peningkatan Pendapatan Keluarga (UP2K-PKK). This research was conducted in the City of Banjarbaru with the aim to describe and analyze the form of empowerment being applied in the UP2K-PKK Program. Indicators of community empowerment used in this research were the six dimensions of empowerment according to Stewart and community impact of empowerment according to Kuncoro. This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach with the interview method. The conclusion of this study is that community empowerment in the UP2K-PKK Program has included 6 dimensions of empowerment namely enabling through training and coaching, facilitating capital and in overcoming problems and obstacles, consulting that is carried out regularly through face-to-face method and also by telephone and instant messaging, collaborating where UP2K groups are mentored together by TP PKK in coordination with related agencies, supporting in the form of moral, spiritual, financial and infrastructure support. The impact resulting from the UP2K program is economic development in the form of an increase in the amount of capital and income, human resource development in the form of coaching and training, infrastructure development and institutional development in the form of expanding business partnership networks.</p>