Effect of particle size on rotary drum composting of garden waste and their ranking using analytical hierarchy process

Garden waste comprises of 15–18% fraction of total municipal solid waste generated. For composting of garden waste, particle size is an important factor for efficient degradation. The present study investigates role of varying particle size on compost quality. The garden waste was grinded using a shredder into varying size of particles, 0.5–1.5, 1.5-3.0, 3.0-4.5 and 4.5–7.5 cm diameter named as R1, R2, R3 and R4 respectively. 100 kg of garden waste mixed with 20 litre cow-dung slurry and 10 kg fresh compost and feed into the rotary drum for 45 days composting period. Thermophilic phase continued for 7, 8, 4 and 3 days in R1, R2, R3 and R4 reactor respectively. Total volatile solids reduction was 29.10, 31.20, 24.23 and 17.12 %, CO2 evolution rate was 4.92, 4.14, 6.18 and 8.16 mg/gVS/d, C/N ratio was 16.91, 15.05, 18.13 and 20.99, germination index was 92.00, 94.12, 85.21 and 81.20 in R1, R2, R3 and R4 reactor respectively after end of composting period. Reduction of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin was highest in R2 drum and lowest in R4. The percentage reduction of acid insoluble lignin was 36, 39, 29 and 27 % and the percentage reduction of acid soluble lignin was 48.85, 52.89, 43.39 and 36.97 % in combinations in R1, R2, R3 and R4 respectively after 45 days. As per analytical hierarchy process, performance of reactors was observed in the following trend, R2 > R1 > R3 > R4. Particle size range 1.5-3.0 cm diameter showed optimum size for efficient composting of garden waste.

Making Organic Fertilizer Resistant to Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease for Grain Crops

Farmers too often use chemical fertilizers to help rice production, but in the long run fertilizer detrimental to land. Xanthomonas Oryzae Pv Oryzae (Xoo) is a microorganism that causes the disease of Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) in rice that harms farmers. Pseudomonas flourescens (Pf) is potentially the controller of Xoo and Azotobacter chrococcum (Az) causing rice to be more resistant to disease so as to help reduce the impact of BLB on rice plants in the form of organic fertilizers. The purpose of this research is to utilize corn farm waste into organic fertilizer that is resistant to BLB plant disease (bacterial leaf blight) caused by Xanthomonas Oryzae microorganism. In this research will be made of organic fertilizer from corn farm waste using rotary drum composting method with the help of Bioactivator EM4, Pf and Az bacteria. The results of this study found that the best plant growth in the variable comparison of microorganisms Pseudomonas fluorecense: Azotobacter chroococum 1: 2 and urea. Plant growth on day 25 is higher (32.8cm) than other variables and the number of grains is 80.