Enabling continuous connectivity services for ambrosus blockchain application by incorporating 5G-multilevel machine learning orchestrations

Most revolutionary applications extending far beyond smartphones and high configured mobile device use to the future generation wireless networks’ are high potential capabilities in recent days. One of the advanced wireless networks and mobile technology is 5G, where it provides high speed, better reliability, and amended capacity. 5 G offers complete coverage, which is accommodates any IoT device, connectivity, and intelligent edge algorithms. So that 5 G has a high demand in a wide range of commercial applications. Ambrosus is a commercial company that integrates block-chain security, IoT network, and supply chain management for medical and food enterprises. This paper proposed a novel framework that integrates 5 G technology, Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, and block-chain security. The main idea of this work is to incorporate the 5 G technology into Machine learning architectures for the Ambrosus application. 5 G technology provides continuous connection among the network user/nodes, where choosing the right user, base station, and the controller is obtained by using for ML architecture. The proposed framework comprises 5 G technology incorporate, a novel network orchestration, Radio Access Network, and a centralized distributor, and a radio unit layer. The radio unit layer is used for integrating all the components of the framework. The ML algorithm is evaluated the dynamic condition of the base station, like as IoT nodes, Ambrosus users, channels, and the route to enhance the efficiency of the communication. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated in terms of prediction by simulating the model in MATLAB software. From the performance comparison, it is noticed that the proposed unified architecture obtained 98.6% of accuracy which is higher than the accuracy of the existing decision tree algorithm 97.1% .

A Polynomial Time Algorithm for 3SAT

By creating new concepts and methods—the checking tree, long unit path, direct contradiction unit pair, indirect contradiction unit pair, additional contradiction unit pair, two-unit layer and three-unit layer—we successfully transform solving a 3SAT problem to solving 2SAT problems in polynomial time. Each time, we add only one layer of the three-unit layers to the two-unit layers to calculate 2SAT paths, respectively. The key is as follows: in each 2SAT path, any two units cannot be a direct contradiction unit pair and cannot be an indirect contradiction unit pair and additional contradiction unit pair. This guarantees that all of the 2SAT paths we got, respectively, can shape at least one long path without contradictions. Thus, we proved that NP = P.

Soil Colloids

Soil colloidsare solid soil particles with diameters ranging from 0.01 to 10 μm, which means they range from clay to fine silt in size. The chemical composition of these particles may be that of a single mineral or humus, but usually they are heterogeneous mixtures of inorganic and organic materials. Regardless of their composition, the characteristic properties of soil colloids are that they are small in size and relatively insoluble in water. Soil colloids exhibit shapes and sizes that reflect both chemical composition and the effects of weathering processes. Kaolinite particles, for example, are roughly hexagonal plates comprising perhaps 50 unit layers, with each unit layer being a wafer having the thickness of about 0.7 nm, which are stacked irregularly and held together through hydrogen bonding. In soils, weathering produces rounding of the corners of the kaolinite hexagons and coats them with iron oxyhydroxide and humus polymers (Fig. 10.1). Fracturing of the plates also is apparent, along with a stair-step topography caused by the stacking of unit layers with different lateral dimensions. These heterogeneous features lead to soil kaolinite aggregates that are not well organized, with many stair-stepped clusters of stacked plates, interspersed with plates in edge-face contact, evidently because of differing surface charge on the edges and faces. Similar observations have been made for 2:1 clay minerals. Illite, for example, has platy particles comprising unit layers stacked irregularly, although the bonding mechanism for the stacking is cross-linking through an inner sphere surface complex of K+, not hydrogen bonding. These particles also exhibit a stair-step surface topography as well as frayed edges produced by weathering. Coatings of Al-hydroxy and humus polymers may be present. Additional complexity comes from nonuniform isomorphic substitutions, with regions of layer charge approaching 2.0 grading to regions with layer charge near 0.5. Smectite and vermiculite have lesser tendency to form colloids comprising extensive stacks because their layer charge is less than that of illite and, therefore, is less conducive to inner sphere surface complexation with K+.

A Video Bit Rate Control Algorithm Based on Weighted Estimate of Image Brightness Difference

Rate control is the core issue to realize video encoder, and it is also one of the key factors determining the quality of video code system. Given the MAD (Mean Absolute Difference) prediction and the drawback of bit rate control in the BU (Basic Unit) layer, improvements are put forward on the basis of analyzing and researching the G012 rate control algorithms in this paper. In this paper, we proposed a new video bit rate control algorithm to overcome the drawback of bit rate control in the BU (Basic Unit) layer. Combined with the image brightness gradient value to estimate in the MAD prediction, the allocation encoding bits method based on the PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) is proposed in the rate control of BU layer. The experiment results show that compared with JM algorithms in H.264 standard reference software, the improved algorithm is enhanced in the PSNR.

Growth of SnS van der Waals Epitaxies on Layered Substrates

ABSTRACTIn this paper we present systematic investigations on the growth of SnS van der Waals epitaxies (vdWEs) on different substrates, including crystalline and layered substrates, by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Experimental growth of SnS on conventional 3D substrates, such as GaAs, indicates strong interaction between the SnS layer and the substrate resulting in poor crystallinity in general. Substantial improvement in the film crystallinity can be obtained when the deposition is made on layered substrates, with saturated surface bonds, as observed in SnS films deposited on mica and crystalline substrates with a graphene buffer layer. Crystal size as large as one micron and rocking curve FWHM of 0.118° was observed despite the large lattice mismatches. This represents significant improvement over the reported value of ∼3°. Several symmetric growth orientations are observed for films grown on mica substrates. The results indicate that weak vdW interactions between the saturated bonds of the substrate surface and the SnS unit layer which is an important factor for achieving high quality epitaxy layered materials.

Basic Unit Layer Rate Control Algorithm for H.264 Based on Human Visual System

In the process of the video coding, special attention should be paid to the subjective quality of the image. In the JVT-G012 algorithm for H.264, the influence of the human visual characteristic in basic unit layer rate control was not taken into account. This paper takes the influence of the human visual characteristic into the full consideration and offers ways to improve the subjective quality of the image. The visual characteristic factor, which is constituted by the motion feature and edge feature, is used to reasonably allocate the target bits, and then its quantization parameter is adjusted by encoded frame information. The experimental results show that, in comparison to the original algorithm, the proposed algorithm can not only control the bit rate more accurately but also make the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) stable, so as to improve the stationarity of the video image. The subjective quality of the reconstructed video is more satisfying.