communication layer
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2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Silk ◽  
Simon Carrignon ◽  
R. Alexander Bentley ◽  
Nina H. Fefferman

Abstract Background Individual behavioural decisions are responses to a person’s perceived social norms that could be shaped by both their physical and social environment. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, these environments correspond to epidemiological risk from contacts and the social construction of risk by communication within networks of friends. Understanding the circumstances under which the influence of these different social networks can promote the acceptance of non-pharmaceutical interventions and consequently the adoption of protective behaviours is critical for guiding useful, practical public health messaging. Methods We explore how information from both physical contact and social communication layers of a multiplex network can contribute to flattening the epidemic curve in a community. Connections in the physical contact layer represent opportunities for transmission, while connections in the communication layer represent social interactions through which individuals may gain information, e.g. messaging friends. Results We show that maintaining focus on awareness of risk among each individual’s physical contacts promotes the greatest reduction in disease spread, but only when an individual is aware of the symptoms of a non-trivial proportion of their physical contacts (~ ≥ 20%). Information from the social communication layer without was less useful when these connections matched less well with physical contacts and contributed little in combination with accurate information from physical contacts. Conclusions We conclude that maintaining social focus on local outbreak status will allow individuals to structure their perceived social norms appropriately and respond more rapidly when risk increases. Finding ways to relay accurate local information from trusted community leaders could improve mitigation even where more intrusive/costly strategies, such as contact-tracing, are not possible.


2022 ◽  
pp. 104-122
Author(s):  
Zuleyha Akusta Dagdeviren ◽  
Vahid Akram

Internet of things (IoT) envisions a network of billions of devices having various hardware and software capabilities communicating through internet infrastructure to achieve common goals. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) having hundreds or even thousands of sensor nodes are positioned at the communication layer of IoT. In this study, the authors work on the connectivity estimation approaches for IoT-enabled WSNs. They describe the main ideas and explain the operations of connectivity estimation algorithms in this chapter. They categorize the studied algorithms into two divisions as 1-connectivity estimation algorithms (special case for k=1) and k-connectivity estimation algorithms (the generalized version of the connectivity estimation problem). Within the scope of 1-connectivity estimation algorithms, they dissect the exact algorithms for bridge and cut vertex detection. They investigate various algorithmic ideas for k connectivity estimation approaches by illustrating their operations on sample networks. They also discuss possible future studies related to the connectivity estimation problem in IoT.


Author(s):  
A. Haidine ◽  
A. Ait-Allal ◽  
A. Aqqal ◽  
A. Dahbi

Abstract. The maritime transport is playing an increasing and critical role on the worldwide trade; because it guarantee the delivery of 80% of the goods worldwide. The maritime ports are the articulation of the maritime transports, and therefore are responsible of (long delay in the ports means high risks for goods deterioration, higher costs for the logistics companies, longer occupation of containers for containers management companies, etc. In recent years some publications are talking about smart ports. In this paper we take some of the most recent models of smart port, and propose some extensions by considering the recent recommendations from International Maritime Organization (IMO), which have been translated and issued legislation frameworks by the European Union, such as maritime environment monitoring, air pollution, etc. In the recent years, any “smart” environment is modeled through an Internet-of-Things (IoT) layered model. Thus, we discuss the model of smart port environment as IoT layered model, where the networking/communications layer plays the core role. Furthermore, we analyse the possible networking technologies which could support the different smart domains building the smart port environment. This is achieved by first defining the different sub-layers of the hierarchical communication layer, and then comparing different technologies for building the broadband mobile sub-layer.


2021 ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
Simona Olmi ◽  
Carl H. Totz ◽  
Eckehard Schoell

In this work we model the dynamics of power grids in terms of a two-layer network, and use the Italian high voltage power grid as a proof-of-principle example. The first layer in our model represents the power grid consisting of generators and consumers, while the second layer represents a dynamic communication network that serves as a controller of the first layer. The dynamics of the power grid is modelled by the Kuramoto model with inertia, while the communication layer provides a control signal Pc i for each generator to improve frequency synchronization within the power grid. We propose different realizations of the communication layer topology and of the control signal, and test the control performances in presence of generators with stochastic power output. When using a control topology that allows all generators to exchange information, we find that a control scheme aimed to minimize the frequency difference between adjacent nodes operates very efficiently even against the worst scenarios with the strongest perturbations. On the other hand, for a control topology where the generators possess the same communication links as in the power grid layer, a control scheme aimed at restoring the synchronization frequency in the neighborhood of the controlled node turns out to be more efficient.


Author(s):  
Aleksandar Tošic ◽  
Jernej Vičič

To anonymous internet traffic, many popular protocols route traffic through a network of nodes in order to conceal information about the request. However, routing traffic through other nodes inherently introduces added latency. Over the past two decades, there were many attempts to improve the path selection in order to decrease latency with little or no trade-off in terms of security, and anonymity. In this paper, we show the potential use of geo-sharding in decentralized routing networks to improve fault-tolerance, and latency. Such networks can be used as a communication layer for Edge devices computing huge amounts of data. Specifically, we focus our work on Low Latency Anonymous Routing Protocol (LLARP), a protocol built on top of Oxen blockchain that aims to achieve internet privacy. We analyse the existing network of Service Nodes(SN), observe cloud provider centralisation, and propose a high level protocol that provides incentives for a better geographical distribution mitigating potential cloud provider/country wide service dropouts. Additionally, the protocol level information about geographical location can be used to improve client’s path (the string of nodes that will participate in the transaction) selection, decreasing network latency. We show the feasibility of our approach by comparing it with the random path selection in a simulated environment. We observe marginal drops in average latency when selecting paths geographically closer to each other.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumengen Sutomo ◽  
Salord Sagala ◽  
Bebi Sutomo ◽  
Sri Winarti ◽  
Gelant Sanjaya

Over the past 100 years, the provision of a safe water supply to drink in Indonesia has been slowly progressed with low coverage. The majority of the population does not have access to safe water. Morbidity and mortality of water-related diseases, including diarrhea, are very high. The provision of safe water is not a technological issue but good water management that comprises content, institutional, and communication layer. This paper provided information for strategic and operational decisions to accelerate the provision of safe water services in urban and rural areas. Benchmarking good water management with the characteristics of the water supply location is required to improve the health status of the population, mainly the poor urban and rural areas with limited resources, including time and cost.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6213
Author(s):  
Taha Selim Ustun

Smartgrid technologies necessitate the use of information technologies (IT) and communication in power system networks. There are different ways of integrating power system equipment in the communication layer for successful information exchange. IEC 61850 offers standard support object-oriented modeling and standardized parameter declaration. This lends itself to the diverse nature of power systems and supports plug-and-play (PnP) operation in smartgrids. Considering the amount of time that is invested in customizing non-PnP communication networks, this is a huge advantage and the main reason behind the popularity of IEC 61850. In line with this popularity, the body of research regarding this standard is constantly growing. In order to test the developed IEC 61850 models and messages, various tools are required. Researchers operate with a limited budget and have to know the abilities and limitations of such tools before making a procurement decision. This paper provides a critical review of IEC 61850 testing tools available in the market. It compares them in terms of their abilities, technical superiority and customer experience, including delivery time and customer support. Researchers in this field will benefit significantly from this work when making procurement decisions based on their needs.


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