Comparison of Morphological Similarities and Differences between Liquid-Based Cytology and Conventional Techniques of Serous Effusion Cytology Specimens

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The aim of this study is to discover a fast and efficient method for the diagnosis of serous effusion cytology specimens by comparing the cytomorphological features of SurePath (SP) smears and smears prepared by cytospin. After the macroscopic features of the incoming material were recorded, it was divided into 2 for conventional technique (CT) and liquid-based technique. Cytospin was used for CT and SurePath for liquid-based technique in this study. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> 243 serous effusions (33 thoracentesis and 92 paracentesis fluids, 118 peritoneal lavage fluids) were investigated. After shaking the effusion gently, it was centrifuged for 5 min at 1,250 rpm for cytospin smear. SP smear was prepared according to the “BD PrepStain slide processor”. Two smears were prepared with these 2 methods and then stained with Papanicolaou. The smears were examined under a light microscope in terms of fixation, background, cellularity, nucleus, and structural features. All statistical analysis of the data was performed using the SPSS 17.0 software. For each microscopic feature, the χ² test was used to assess the significance of the relationship between cytospin and SP, and level of agreement in between the methods was assessed using the kappa statistic. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A statistically significant difference was observed between the 2 methods in background (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001), cellularity (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001), nucleus features (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001), and structural features (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). There was no significant difference in fixation. Low level of agreement was observed with the kappa statistic in fixation, background, and cellularity. Moderate level of agreement was observed in the nucleus and structural feature groups with the kappa statistic. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Although there are advantages of liquid-based technique such as standardized fixation and cleaner background, since the cellular and background components required for morphological analysis and diagnosis are better preserved in cytospin, it is considered to be better to use liquid-based technique not alone but together with CT.

Atlas of Micromorphological Degradation of Archaeological Birch Bark

In this paper we present an atlas of micromorphological degradation of archaeological birch bark for the first time. We analysed the morphology of 13 samples extracted from ice-logged, waterlogged and cave-retrieved objects dated from the Neolithic to the Middle Age by means of light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We then compared their morphology to that of a contemporary sample, both intact and decayed. In all samples, 13 morphological characteristics that can be associated with fungal, bacterial, chemical, mechanical and light degradation are defined and described, and example LM and TEM images are provided. This novel atlas provides conservator-restorers a much-needed tool to relate the macroscopic appearance to the microscopic structure of birch bark objects. The most important macroscopic features allowing estimation of the state of preservation at the cell level are colour changes, loss of pliability, presence of delamination and increased brittleness. Colour change and delamination can be connected to microscopic features, and microscopic analysis can trace whether they were caused by biotic, chemical or physical decay. However, increased brittleness cannot be connected to a specific microscopic feature.

Death following extreme temperature exposure: Histological, biochemical and immunohistochemical markers

Introduction Defining extreme temperatures as the cause of death remains challenging. It is mostly based on circumstantial, macroscopic and microscopic features. Methods We retrospectively compared groups of cases of fatal hypothermia, fatal hyperthermia and non-extreme temperature-related deaths. We analysed specific histological findings, focusing on samples from the liver, pancreas and kidney. Results Between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2016, 15 autopsies were performed for deaths related to extreme temperatures. They included 11 cases of fatal hypothermia (group A), four cases of fatal hyperthermia (group B) and eight controls (group C). Perinuclear hepatocyte vacuolisation was observed in seven cases of hypothermia, one case of hyperthermia and four controls. Pancreatic cytoarchitecture was well preserved in two cases of hypothermia, one case of hyperthermia and two controls. No particular microscopic feature was found in pancreatic samples. Renal epithelial tubular cell vacuolisation was observed in seven cases of hypothermia and one case of hyperthermia, while it was absent in all controls. Chromogranin A (CgA) was markedly positive in the pancreatic tissue of five cases of fatal hypothermia and one control, and mildly positive in one case of fatal hyperthermia. No significant p-values were observed for any comparisons ( p > 0.05), except when hypothermia cases group were compared to the control group for the Armanni–Ebstein phenomenon test ( p = 0.0078). Conclusions Although our study did not find a specific microscopic marker, hepatocyte vacuolisation, the Armanni–Ebstein phenomenon and pancreatic CgA positivity, taken together, may be useful tools to confirm hypo- and hyperthermia-related deaths, in addition to circumstantial and macroscopic findings.

New locality of Hymenochaete cruenta in the Olbina nature reserve and revisiting of distribution of this fungus in Poland

<em>Hymenochaete cruenta</em> is a saprotrophic fungus, grown mainly on the bark of dead branches and trunks of <em>Abies</em> trees and thus the distribution of this fungus in Poland and other European countries is closely connected with natural range of silver fir. Despite its wide range, <em>H. cruenta</em> is considered as rare in the whole area of its occurrence. In this paper, we present a new locality of <em>H. cruenta</em>, discovered in May and September 2016 in the Olbina nature reserve (southern Wielkopolska Lowland, Kalisz Forest District). Ecological notes and macro- and microscopic feature of basidiocarps of this fungus are presented. Additionally, the current distribution of <em>H. cruenta</em> in Poland comprising 78 localities is provided. The rank of <em>H. cruenta</em> among threatened species categories in different European countries is discussed. It seems that the species is rare and threatened in Poland, and it should be still classified as “vulnerable” on the red list of macrofungi. The significance of <em>H. cruenta</em> for diversity of mycobiota and the necessity of further research on the dynamic of occurrence of <em>H. cruenta</em> inside and outside of the natural range of <em>A. alba</em> is underlined.

The Effect of Wilow Bark Ekstract Administration on Microscopic Feature of Male Rats (Rattus novergicus) Kidney Infected with Trypanosoma evansi

The aims of this study was to examine the ability of willow bark extract to prevent the kidney tissue damage from T. evansi infection. This study used 25 rats which were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups, each groups consisted of 5 rats. Rats in control group (K0) were not infected with T. Evansi and without administration of willow bark extract. Group 1 (P1) was infected with 103/0,3 ml of T. evansi without willow bark extract administration. Group 2, 3, and 4 were infected with 103/0.3 ml T. evansi and received willow bark extract at dose of 30, 45, and 60 mg/kg bw, respectively. Willow bark extract were administered for 3 days consecutively. On day 4, the rats were sacrificed using chloroform and the kidneys were collected for histopathological examination. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that administration of willow bark extract at doses of 30 and 45 mg/kg bw were able to prevent damage of tubule cells and glomerular renal, while administration of 60 mg/kg bw caused kidney damage, indicated with necrosis in tubular glomerular cells. It could be concluded that the willow bark extract at doses of 30 and 45 mg/kg Bw were effective to prevent tissue damage in kidneys. Key words: kidneys, willow, Trypanosoma evansi

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK KULIT BATANG JALOH TERHADAP GAMBARAN MIKROSKOPIS GINJAL TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus novergicus) YANG DIINFEKSI (Trypanosoma evansi The Effect of Wilow Bark Ekstract Administration on Microscopic Feature of Male Rats (Rattus novergicus) Kidney Infected with Trypanosoma evansi)

The aims of this study was to examine the ability of willow bark extract to prevent kidney tissue damage from T. evansi infection. This study used 25 rats which were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups, each groups consisted of 5 rats. Rats in control group (K0) were not infected with T. evansi and without administration of willow bark extract. Group 1 (P1) was infected with 103/0,3 ml of T. evansi without willow bark extract administration. Group 2, 3, and 4 were infected with 103/0.3 ml T. evansi and received willow bark extract at dose of 30, 45, and 60 mg/kg bw, respectively. Willow bark extract were administered for 3 days consecutively. On day 4, the rats were sacrificed using chloroform and the kidneys were collected for histopathological examination. Data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the administration of willow bark extract at doses of 30 and 45 mg/kg bw were able to prevent damage of tubule cells and glomerular renal, while the administration of 60 mg/kg bw resulted in kidney damage, indicated by necrosis in tubular glomerular cells. It could be concluded that willow bark extract at doses of 30 and 45 mg/kg bw were effective to prevent tissue damage in kidneys.Key words: kidneys, willow, Trypanosoma evansi

Accurately Identifying New QoS Violation Driven by High-Distributed Low-Rate Denial of Service Attacks Based on Multiple Observed Features

We propose using multiple observed features of network traffic to identify new high-distributed low-rate quality of services (QoS) violation so that detection accuracy may be further improved. For the multiple observed features, we chooseF featurein TCP packet header as a microscopic feature and,P featureandD featureof network traffic as macroscopic features. Based on these features, we establishmultistream fused hidden Markov model(MF-HMM) to detect stealthy low-rate denial of service (LDoS) attacks hidden in legitimate network background traffic. In addition, the threshold value is dynamically adjusted by using Kaufman algorithm. Our experiments show that the additive effect of combining multiple features effectively reduces the false-positive rate. The average detection rate of MF-HMM results in a significant 23.39% and 44.64% improvement over typical power spectrum density (PSD) algorithm and nonparametric cumulative sum (CUSUM) algorithm.

Metallogenetic Model of Bauxite Deposit in WZD Area, Northern Guizhou, China

Through the research on field macrofeature and microscopic feature we found that forming process of the WZD bauxite have experienced three stages: at first, Hanjiadian formation and Huanglong formation take lateritization generate laterite, laterite is the precursor of the bauxite; In the second, laterite has been transported and deposited in WZD area; At last, loose sediment outcrops accompanying regression, and then accept eluviation, in the process of eluviation disadvantage elements as iron and silica have a great scale of runoff, aluminum has the least loss result in the forming process of high grade bauxite.

GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI LAMBUNG TIKUS WISTAR PASCA PEMBERIAN METANOL

Methanol is often misused as a material for making liquor. The longer someone consumes alcohol, the more cells is damaged. Purpose: to analyze of wistar gastric histopathologic feature after administration of methanol. Methods: This is an experimental descriptive study using 20 adult wistar with consist of 5 as controls and 15 as treated rats, then divided into three groups with each dose group 30%, 40%, 60% of methanol. 1.2 mL methanol once per day were being administered. Result: The result show the macroscopic and microscopic feature of wistar stomach of first and second treatment still look normal. However the 60% methanol treatment showed their gastric look rosy with chewy and hard consistency at macroscopic scale. At microscopicly scale, there were intact mucosal line and inflammatory cells (neutrophils and lymphocytes) in submucosal region as well as hyperemia. Conclusions: This study indicated the use of methanol with concentration of 30% and 40% in wistar did not cause histopathologic changes, while the use of methanol with 60% concentration caused mucosal line becomes inflamed as well as hyperemia.Keywords: methanol, inflammatory of mucosa gastric, wistar. Abstrak: Metanol sering disalahgunakan sebagai bahan untuk membuat minuman keras. Semakin lama mengkonsumsi alkohol maka banyak sel lambung yang akan mengalami kerusakan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat gambaran histopatologi lambung tikus wistar setelah diberikan metanol. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif eksperimental menggunakan 20 ekor tikus wistar dewasa terdiri dari 5 ekor sebagai kontrol dan 15 ekor sebagai tikus perlakuan, dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok dengan dosis tiap-tiap kelompok 30%, 40%, 60%. Dosis methanol 1,2 mL satu kali per hari. Setelah 10 hari tikus wistar diterminasi lalu diotopsi jaringan lambung, difiksasi dalam larutan formalin. Hasil: Menunjukkan gambaran makroskopik dan mikroskopik struktur lambung dengan pemberian metanol 30% dan 40% tampak masih normal. Sedangkan pemberian metanol konsentrasi 60% gambaran makroskopik lambung tampak berwarna kemerahan dengan konsistensi kenyal dan terdapat konsistensi keras. Gambaran mikroskopik tampak lapisan mukosa yang utuh dan terdapat sel-sel radang netrofil dan limfosit pada daerah submukosa serta hiperemi. Simpulan: penelitian ini mendapatkan pemberian metanol konsentrasi 30% dan 40% pada tikus wistar tidak menyebabkan perubahan gambaran histopatologi, sedangkan pemberian metanol konsentrasi 60% lapisan mukosa mengalami peradangan dan hiperemi. Kata kunci: metanol, peradangan mukosa lambung, wistar.