calcified tissue
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Author(s):  
Athanasios D Anastasilakis ◽  
Jessica Pepe ◽  
Nicola Napoli ◽  
Andrea Palermo ◽  
Christos Magopoulos ◽  
...  

Abstract Context Antiresorptive therapy significantly reduces fracture risk in patients with benign bone disease and skeletal-related events (SREs) in patients with bone metastases. Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a rare, but severe condition, manifested as necrotic bone lesion(-s) of the jaws. ONJ has been linked to the use of potent antiresorptive agents, termed as Medication Related ONJ (MRONJ). Methods A working group of the European Calcified Tissue Society (ECTS) and two experts performed an updated detailed review of existing literature on MRONJ incidence, characteristics, and treatment applied in bone diseases with variable severity of skeletal insult, ranging from osteoporosis to prevention of cancer treatment-induced bone loss and SREs in cancer patients with bone metastases. We aimed to identify the differences in various aspects of MRONJ among these distinct patient categories and provide recommendations on how to mitigate the risk and optimally manage MRONJ in each one of them. Results The risk for MRONJ is much higher in patients with advanced malignancies compared to those with benign bone diseases, because of the higher doses and more frequent administration of antiresorptive agents in individuals with compromised general health, along with co-administration of other medications that predispose to MRONJ. The overall risk for MRONJ is considerably lower than the benefits in all categories of patients. Conclusions The risk for MRONJ largely depends on the underlying bone disease and the relevant antiresorptive regimen applied. Physicians and dentists should keep in mind that the benefits of antiresorptive therapy far outweigh the risk for MRONJ development.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
Deepali P Mohite ◽  
Devendra H Palve ◽  
Snehal R Udapure ◽  
Vinanti V Bodele ◽  
Mrunali D Jambhulkar ◽  
...  

Fibro-osseous lesions (FOL) are characterized by replacement of normal bone by fibrous tissue containing a newly formed mineralized product. The mineralized product may be ossification (sometimes cementum formation) or calcification of fibrous tissue by metaplasia. These lesions have similar radiographic and histopathologic features hence the term fibre- osseous lesion is not a diagnosis, rather a description of the presence of fibrous and calcified tissue. They may be developmental (fibrous dysplasia), reactive (cemento-osseous dysplasia) or neoplastic (ossifying/cementifying fibroma). This article presents the commonly used classification for fibro-osseous lesions and an insight into a few changes that have been introduced in the recent past with emphasis on Ossifying Fibroma and Osseous Dysplasia.Ossifying fibromas are considered as benign fibro-osseous neoplasms which are principally encountered within the jawbones. Cemento-osseous dysplasias are non-neoplastic fibro- osseous lesion. Since 1971, the World Health Organization classified cemental lesions into 4 distinct entities, as follows: Periapical Cemental Dysplasia, Benign Cementoblastoma (true cementoma), Cementifying Fibroma and Gigantiform Cementoma (GC). The term, gigantiform cementoma, may imply a solitary process but it is misleading because the condition typically presents as slow-growing, multifocal/multiquadrant and expansile lesions involving both jaws. WHO classified it in Osseous dysplasia and El-Mofty et al. under Ossifying fibroma.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Jin ◽  
Xianfeng Lin ◽  
Haihua Pan ◽  
Chenchen Zhao ◽  
Pengcheng Qiu ◽  
...  

AbstractOsteoclasts (OCs), the only cells capable of remodeling bone, can demineralize calcium minerals biologically. Naive OCs have limitations for the removal of ectopic calcification, such as in heterotopic ossification (HO), due to their restricted activity, migration and poor adhesion to sites of ectopic calcification. HO is the formation of pathological mature bone within extraskeletal soft tissues, and there are currently no reliable methods for removing these unexpected calcified plaques. In the present study, we develop a chemical approach to modify OCs with tetracycline (TC) to produce engineered OCs (TC-OCs) with an enhanced capacity for targeting and adhering to ectopic calcified tissue due to a broad affinity for calcium minerals. Unlike naive OCs, TC-OCs are able to effectively remove HO both in vitro and in vivo. This achievement indicates that HO can be reversed using modified OCs and holds promise for engineering cells as “living treatment agents” for cell therapy.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqas Badar ◽  
Husna Ali ◽  
Olivia N Brooker ◽  
E. Newham ◽  
Tim Snow ◽  
...  

AbstractThe bone-cartilage interface (BCI) and underlying calcified plate is a universal feature in diarthrodial joints. The BCI is an important mechanically-graded interface subjected to shear and compressive strains, and changes at the BCI have been linked to osteoarthritis progression. Here we report the existence of a physiological internal strain gradient (pre-strain) across the BCI at the ultrastructural scale of the extracellular matrix constituents, specifically the collagen fibril. We use X-ray scattering that probes changes in the axial periodicity of fibril-level D-stagger of tropocollagen molecules in the matrix fibrils, as a measure of microscopic pre-strain. We find that mineralized collagen nanofibrils in the calcified BCI are in tension pre-strain relative to the underlying trabecular bone. This behaviour contrasts with the previously accepted notion that fibrillar pre-strain (or D-stagger) in collagenous tissues always reduces with mineralization due to reduced hydration and associated swelling pressure. Within the calcified tissue, a finer-scale gradient in pre-strain over ~50μm is likely linked to the tidemark. The increased fibrillar pre-strain at the BCI is linked to prior research reporting large tissue-level residual strains under compression. The findings may have biomechanical adaptative significance: higher in-built molecular level resilience/damage resistance to physiological compression, and the disruption of the molecular-level pre-strains during remodelling of the BCI may be a potential factor in osteoarthritis-based degeneration.


Bone ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 116236
Author(s):  
Julien Paccou ◽  
Elena Tsourdi ◽  
Christian Meier ◽  
Andrea Palermo ◽  
Jessica Pepe ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Ide ◽  
Taka Nakahara ◽  
Tetsuya Fukada ◽  
Masanori Nasu

To elucidate the mechanism underlying the failure of root formation after irradiation, we established a method of local irradiation of the molar tooth germ and demonstrated that radiation directly affected dental root development. In the current study, to locally irradiate the lower first molars of 5-day-old C57BL/6J mice, we used lead glass containing a hole as a collimator. We confirmed that our local irradiation method targeted only the tooth germ. The irradiated root was immature in terms of apical growth, and dentin formation was irregular along the outside of the root apices. Moreover, calcified tissue apically surrounded Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, which disappeared abnormally early. This method using a local irradiation experimental model will facilitate research into radiation-induced disorders of dental root formation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
Petrović Violeta ◽  
Opačić-Galić Vanja ◽  
Jokanović Vukoman ◽  
Sopta Jelena ◽  
Prokić Bogomir Bolka ◽  
...  

Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate inflammatory tissue reactions and the formation of calcified tissue after implantation of experimental nanostructured calcium silicate cement (CS) and hydroxyapatite with calcium silicate cement (HA-CS) into root canals of rabbits’ teeth. The study was conducted on four rabbits of the genus Oryctolagus cuniculus. After instrumentation and irrigation, the root canals of the central incisors were dried and filled with CS, HA-CS and control material (MTA Angelus). The animals were sacrificed after 28 days. After histological preparation and hematoxylin-eosin staining, tissue samples were evaluated for the intensity and extension of inflammatory tissue reaction; continuity, morphology and thickness of the newly formed calcified tissue; and presence of giant cells, materials particles and microorganisms. Kruskal Wallis and Dunn’s post hoc test were used for data analysis (α=0.05). There were no significant differences in the intensity of inflammatory reactions between CS, HA-CS and MTA control. HA-CS showed significantly better results than MTA and CS with respect to continuity of the newly formed calcified tissue (P=0.003 and P=0.010, respectively). Significant differences in thickness of the calcified tissue existed between CS and MTA (P=0.004) and between HA-CS and MTA (P=0.012). Application of CS and HA-CS resulted in minimal inflammatory tissue response, similar to the MTA control. CS and HA-CS were more efficient than MTA in supporting hard tissue formation. The best organized newly formed calcified tissue was seen after HA-CS application.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Sillen

The stable isotope ratio 87Sr/86Sr has been shown to have extraordinary potential for documenting the movement and life-histories of humans and other animals, both in history and prehistory. Thirty years of expanding applications has taken the method from a niche (if not fringe) approach to a normal part of archeological and paleobiological enquiry; indeed a “Golden Age.” The technique is inherently interdisciplinary, because in addition to those archeologists and paleobiologists wishing to apply it, most applications require informed input from ecologists, geochemists, and calcified tissue biologists. This perspective explores how such interdisciplinarity is both a strength and an impediment to further advancement.


Author(s):  
Weijian Fang ◽  
Hang Ping ◽  
Ying Huang ◽  
Hao Xie ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
...  

Bone is a highly calcified tissue with 60 wt% inorganic components. It is made up of mineralized collagen fibrils, where the platelet-like hydroxyapatite nanocrystals orientally deposit within collagen fibrils. Inspired...


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