Nanoparticle sterilization methods for biomedical applications in animals

Objective: To review different nanoparticle sterilization methods for their use in biomedical applications in animals. Approach: Sterilization is used to obtain a microorganism-free product without altering its physicochemical characteristics during its preparation, storage, or administration route. This review explores different sterilization methods and their advantages and disadvantages on the nanoparticle level. Study limitations/implications: Nanoparticles are used in animal production, including their parenteral administration. Therefore, establishing the characteristics of different technologies applied to sterilize nanoparticles is essential to ensure the delivery of sterile products preventing health risks. Conclusions: The use of nanotechnology in livestock production offers several advantages for animal nutrition, reproduction, and health, among other things. When nanoparticles must be sterilized, choosing the most suitable method is essential. This depends on the amount of product and its compound type because each technique has specific requirements that must be taken into account to be ready for potential changes in the structure and availability of the final product.

Relationships between developmental strategies for additional indications and price revisions for anticancer drugs in Japan

Background The relationships between developmental strategies for additional indications and drug price revisions have not been thoroughly studied. Here, we investigated the price revisions for anticancer drugs approved in Japan. Methods The study was based on published information on anticancer drugs approved between January 2009 and March 2020 in Japan. We investigated the relationships between the pharmacological and regulatory characteristics of anticancer drugs and occurrence/non-occurrence of the Japanese National Health Insurance (NHI) price revisions. Results Eighty-one new anticancer drugs were given NHI price listings during the survey. On April 1, 2020, the prices of 23 anticancer drugs had been revised from the initial pricing, the prices were reduced for 21 drugs (91.3%). Several parameters showed the relationships between drug characteristics and NHI price revisions. The achievement of additional indications and compound type were identified as explanatory factors for these relationships. Additional indication profiles were defined to assess the relationships between the methods for additional indication achievement and price revisions. When the type of additional indication was “Expansion”, the percentage of drugs received NHI price revisions was the highest (P<0.001). Conclusions NHI price revision was significantly related to the achievement of additional indications and compound type. The strategy for additional indications was found to affect the occurrence/non-occurrence of NHI price revisions.

Relationships between Developmental Strategies for Additional Indications and Price Revisions for Anticancer Drugs in Japan

Background The relationships between developmental strategies for additional indications and drug price revisions have not been thoroughly studied. Here, we investigated the price revisions for anticancer drugs approved in Japan. Methods The study was based on published information on anticancer drugs approved between January 2009 and March 2020 in Japan. We investigated the relationships between the pharmacological and regulatory characteristics of anticancer drugs and occurrence/non-occurrence of the Japanese National Health Insurance (NHI) price revisions. Results Eighty-one new anticancer drugs were given NHI price listings during the survey. On April 1, 2020, the prices of 23 anticancer drugs had been revised from the initial pricing, the prices were reduced for all, except for one drug. Several parameters showed the relationships between drug characteristics and NHI price revisions. The achievement of additional indications and compound type were identified as explanatory factors for these relationships. Additional indication profiles were defined to assess the relationships between the methods for additional indication achievement and price revisions. For the 32 drugs with additional indications, the relationships between the additional indication profiles and occurrence/non-occurrence of NHI price revision were investigated. The proportion of drugs with NHI price revisions was higher if the additional indication had more patients than if the additional indications had approximately the same numbers of patients or fewer patients. Conclusions NHI price revision was significantly related to the achievement of additional indications and compound type. The strategy for additional indications was found to affect the occurrence/non-occurrence of NHI price revisions.

Effect of Calcium Compound Type and Dosage on the Properties of Acid Rennet Goat’s Milk Gels

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding calcium compounds to processed goat’s milk, and on the properties of acid rennet goat’s milk gels, which are a middle product obtained in the manufacture of acid rennet cheese. The properties of the gels directly affect the quality of acid rennet cheeses. The analysis of raw goat’s milk was carried out, then acid rennet gels were produced with the addition of six different calcium compounds (chloride, citrate, bisglycinate, gluconate, lactate, and carbonate). The dynamics of milk fermentation were performed by monitoring the pH value of milk during acidification. The pH, syneresis, color, and texture profile were determined in the formulated acid rennet gels. An organoleptic evaluation was also performed. The study demonstrated that, not only calcium chloride, but also calcium citrate, gluconate, lactate, bisglycinate, and calcium carbonate could be used in the production of goat’s milk acid rennet gels, or the middle product in the manufacture of acid rennet curd cheese from goat’s milk. Notably, the addition of citrate, bisglycinate, and calcium carbonate in doses of 20 mg Ca 100 g−1 most effectively reduced syneresis compared to the control sample by 4.76% (citrate), 7.85% (bisglycinate), and 10.28% (carbonate). The hardness of the control gels ranged from 2.35 N to 2.99 N. The addition of chloride, citrate, gluconate, lactate, and calcium carbonate to the milk improved the acid rennet gel’s hardness. The addition of 20 mg Ca 100 g−1 as gluconate increased the hardness the most (3.61 N). When increasing the calcium dosage in the form of all compounds, there was a tendency to increase the gel’s springiness. The addition of chloride, citrate, and bisglycinate to milk did not result in a darkening of the gel’s color. The addition of calcium compounds mostly reduced the intensity of goatish taste and odor. Calcium gluconate, in particular, reduced the goatish taste the most, a taste which is not always acceptable by the consumers.

Research on the Cultivation Mode of Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talents in Law under the Background of New Liberal Arts

As one of the new liberal arts categories, law has always been a key subject of national legal construction. With the continuous development of science and technology and the rapid progress of society, enterprises' demand for legal talents has changed from single type to compound type. The current training mode of legal talents in our country cannot meet the needs of the rapid development of the society. In view of this, combined with the traditional theoretical teaching mode of talent training for law majors, the new talent training methods should be added to explore the suitable mode for the cultivation of innovative and entrepreneurial talent for law majors in China. Starting from the theory and practice, combining with the characteristics of each university, the ultimate goal is to cultivate the compound legal talents with innovative and entrepreneurial ability.

Fabrication and Structural Properties of Ni50 Al50 Alloy by Mechanical Alloying

In the present study, mechanical alloying process was employed for preparation of the nanocrystalline Ni50Al50 alloy through ball mill method. The structure properties of the alloy at various milling times of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8hr were studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. Several phases was formed successfully after 4hr of milling. At 6hr of milling, new intermetallic compound type (Ni3AI) was observed prospering, The particle size for various milling times decreased significantly, with increasing time of milling. The resulted morphology the milled powder shows a reduction of particle size which is in accordance with the XRD patterns. The results of EDX shows clearly atypical spectrums of both Ni and Al peaks.

Relationships between Developmental Strategies for Additional Indications and Price Revisions for Anticancer Drugs in Japan

Background The relationships between developmental strategies for additional indications and drug price revisions have not been thoroughly studied. Here, we investigated the price revisions for anticancer drugs approved in Japan. Methods The study was based on published information on anticancer drugs approved between January 2009 and March 2020 in Japan. We investigated the relationships between the pharmacological and regulatory characteristics of anticancer drugs and occurrence/non-occurrence of the Japanese National Health Insurance (NHI) price revisions. Results Eighty-one new anticancer drugs were given NHI price listings during the survey. On April 1, 2020, the prices of 23 anticancer drugs had been revised from the initial pricing, the prices were reduced for all, except for one drug. Several parameters showed the relationships between drug characteristics and NHI price revisions. The achievement of additional indications and compound type were identified as explanatory factors for these relationships. Additional indication profiles were defined to assess the relationships between the methods for additional indication achievement and price revisions. For the 32 drugs with additional indications, the relationships between the additional indication profiles and occurrence/non-occurrence of NHI price revision were investigated. The proportion of drugs with NHI price revisions was higher if the additional indication had more patients than if the additional indications had approximately the same numbers of patients or fewer patients. Conclusions NHI price revision was significantly related to the achievement of additional indications and compound type. The strategy for additional indications was found to affect the occurrence/non-occurrence of NHI price revisions.

ETHNOBOTANY STUDY OF CEMPELAHU (Cordia dichotoma G. Forst) IN TAMIANG HILL FOREST OF TANAH LAUT REGENCY AS A POPULAR SCIENTIFIC BOOK

Cempelahu plant (Cordia dichotoma. G. Forst) has distribution and benefits in the Bukit Tamiang-forest area. This study aims to describe the ethnobotany of cempelahu plant in the Bukit Tamiang-forest area, Tanah Laut Regency, to describe the validity and practicality of the contents of the popular scientific book Cordia dichotoma. G. Forst. The research method used is descriptive quantitative research followed by formative evaluation of the Tessmer test for the feasibility of BIP which was developed through the stages of Self evaluations, Expert review and one to one test. The results showed that Cordia dichotoma G. Forst plant has a tap root habit, simpodial stems are round, alternate ovate leaves, compound flowers are bordered, and the fruit is compound type of buni fruit. This plant is used as a medicine for ulcers and can disguise scars. Cordia dichotoma plant. G. Forst has the regional name "cempelahu" taken from the Banjar Campah language which means itching. The results of the development of teaching materials in the form of Popular Scientific Books on the expert review by 2 validators have very valid validation results and the results of the practicality of the contents on the individual test (one to one) by 3 students have very good results.

Η σχέση της μουσικής εκπαίδευσης με τις φωνολογικές και αναγνωστικές δεξιότητες μαθητών προσχολικής και πρώτης σχολικής ηλικίας

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the training of morphological awareness of spelling words by 27 students following 4th and 6th grades of a primary school. They were compared with a group of 26 classmates who did not take part in the intervention. All students were assessed via standardized tests of spelling and reading comprehension and non-standardized tests of analogy and meaning of compounds. The intervention included a pre-test, an educational program and a post-test. Experimental material entailed compound words categorized into two conditions of morphophonological transparency (transparent/ non-transparent) and two conditions of compositionality (Modern Greek/Ancient Greek morphemes). Results showed that the systematic exercise of the morphological structure of words improved students' spelling performance in every compound type. Considerably, non-transparent items entailing ancient morphemes received the highest gains, where students presented the lowest performance before intervention. These findings underline the importance of morphological awareness in the acquisition of spelling of morphologically complex vocabulary, whose teaching is important in the highest grades of primary school.