New Surgical Technique to Induce Reversible Liver Fibrosis by Surgical Closure of Major Duodenal Orifice in Dogs

This study was conducted to induce and evaluate reversible liver fibrosis in dogs by surgical closure of the major duodenal orifice. The study was performed on six healthy local adult dogs. Reversible liver fibrosis was surgically induced in all animals by surgical closure of major duodenal papilla using absorbable suture material for 60 days. Induced liver fibrosis was assessed by clinical, ultrasonographical examination, laboratory and histological methods. The clinical manifestation of the jaundiced dogs showed reduced food intake, pale-yellowish mucus membrane, inflammatory signs of the wound site and severe postoperative pain. Biochemically, there was significantly increased values of the aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, indirect bilirubin, direct bilirubin and total bilirubin especially during the first two days after surgery followed by a gradual decrease of these values until the end of the but still higher than normal values. Ultrasonographic examinations showed abnormal changes in the liver tissue such as an increase in both size and wall thickness of the gall bladder and mottled heterogeneous appearance of the liver during the first two weeks following the surgical induction of the hepatic fibrosis. Histological evaluation of liver samples revealed showed necrosis of hepatocytes and deposition of eosinophilic material, infiltration of inflammatory cells, recent thrombus in the hepatic vein, fatty change. Slight clinical, biochemical, ultrasonographic improvement was observed at 30th post-operative day. In conclusion, surgical induction of reversible liver fibrosis in dogs was an easy technique by surgical closure of major duodenal papilla and the results were confirmed by the clinical, ultrasonographical, laboratory and histological examination.

Atenolol And Nifedipine Combination Is Better Than Monotherapy: A New Era In Novel Drug Delivery For Hypertension

Hypertension is considered a major health problems globally affect millions of patient.Various study confirms that single drug treatment usually is not adequate to achieve blood pressure goal in most hypertensive patients.In this regard,consideration is given to combination therapy, which offers the potential advantages towards minimizing hypertension in a rapid manner and produces lower adverse effects.SLTs (Sublingual tablets) provides immediate action to enhanced absorption and bioavailability rate. Sublingual tablets are absorbed within the mucus membrane and directly reach in blood systemic circulation. The objective of this ongoing research focused on theatenolol (ATN)and nifedipine (NIF) combined drug deliveryin emergency condition of hypertension. Direct compression technique is used to formulate SLTsby taking different types and concentrations of superdisintegrantsCroscarmellose sodium (CCS) and Crospovidone (CP). Sublimating agents like camphor (CM) and thymol (TY)) also added for better result. FTIR and DSC analysis confirms the ccompatibility results between drug and superdisintegrants.Formulated tablets are evaluated for different parameters and found satisfactory. Formulation F6 considered as the best formulation. The disintegration shows 13 sec and dissolution profile shows 97.36% drug release at 10 min. Formulation F6 shows better pharmacokinetic activity and antihypertensive activity in compare to pure drug and marketed formulation.A combination of ATN and NIF produces rapid disintegration and dissolution property during an emergency and is a lifesaving approach in hypertension treatment.

Lichen Planus

Lichen planus (LP) is a T cell-mediated disease affecting the stratified squamous epithelia of the skin and/or mucus membrane. Histologically, the disease is characterized by a lichenoid inflammatory infiltrate and vacuolar degeneration of the basal layer of the epidermis. LP has three major subtypes: Cutaneous, mucosal and appendageal LP. Rarely, it may affect the nails in the absence of skin and/or mucosal changes. LP may also be induced by several drugs, typically anti-hypertensive medication or be associated with infections, particularly viral hepatitis. The diagnosis is based on the clinical presentation and characteristic histological findings. Although the disease is often self-limiting, the intractable pruritus and painful mucosal erosions result in significant morbidity. The current first-line treatment are topical and/or systemic corticosteroids. In addition, immunosuppressants may be used as corticosteroid-sparing agents. These, however are often not sufficient to control disease. Janus kinase inhibitors and biologics (anti-IL-12/23, anti-IL17) have emerged as novel future treatment options. Thus, one may expect a dramatic change of the treatment landscape of LP in the near future.

Herbs used in treatment of mouth ulcer- a review

The traditional medical study is an integral part of the culture and the perception of health by indigenous population in almost world since primordial times. India has used its knowledge of traditional or herbal medicine to prevent and cure diseases. As herbal medicine have fewer side effects in comparison with synthetic medicine they are getting increase patient compliance against allopathic medicines. Oral ulcers are very common ailment of the oral mucosal membrane. An open sore of the skin or mucus membrane lining marked by sloughing of inflamed dead tissue is known as a mouth ulcer. In this article we discuss on the topic “herbal gel for the treatment of mouth ulcer”. There is a list of herbs which contain flavonoids which are most commonly used for the treatment.

Meat Qualities and Interior Features of Crossbred Young Sheep when Using a Microbiological Preparation

Представлены результаты исследований влияния микробиологического препарата ЭМ-Курунга на мясные качества и интерьерные особенности помесных ягнят, полученных на базе МАУ «Ярославский зоопарк». Мясную продуктивность молодняка овец оценивали по показателям массы туши, выхода туши и убойному выходу. Интерьерные особенности определяли по абсолютной и относительной массе внутренних органов (печени и почек), желудочно-кишечного тракта и развитию слизистой оболочки рубца. У опытных ягнят оказались лучше развиты мясные качества (предубойная масса, масса и выход туши), чем у сверстников контрольной группы. Преимущество по предубойной массе у опытных ягнят над их сверстниками, не получавшими микробиологический препарат, составило 2,7 кг, по выходу туши – 2,7%, убойному выходу – 2,9%. По линейным размерам печени и почек существенных отличий обнаружено не было. При этом масса печени у ягнят опытной группы была на 21,1 г больше. Включение микробиологического препарата ЭМ-Курунга в рацион ягнят способствовало лучшему развитию органов пищеварительного тракта, слизистой оболочки рубца и сосочков на ней. Самые высокие и крупные сосочки имелись на вентральной части рубца, их высота у ягнят составила 3–4 мм. В дорсальном мешке рубца они менее развиты, в среднем в группах высота сосочков составила 1,5–2,3 мм. При лучшем их развитии увеличивается контактная поверхность рубца, в результате повышается использование питательных веществ кормов, что выражается в лучших мясных качествах животных. The research results of influence of microbiological preparation EM-Kurung on meat qualities and interior features of crossbred lambs obtained on the basis of MAI "Yaroslavl Zoo" are presented. The meat productivity of young sheep was assessed by the mass of carcass, the yield of carcass and the slaughter yield. Interior features were determined by the absolute and relative weight of innards (liver and kidneys), the gastrointestinal tract and the development of the rumen mucus membrane. Experimental lambs turned out to have better developed meat qualities (pre-slaughter mass, mass and carcass yield) than herdmates of the control group. The advantage in pre-slaughter weight of experimental lambs over their herdmates who did not receive the microbiological preparation was 2.7 kg, in carcass yield – 2.7%, in slaughter yield – 2.9%. No significant differences were found in linear liver and kidney sizes. At the same time, the liver weight of the experimental group lambs was 21.1 g more. The inclusion of the microbiological preparation EM-Kurung in the lamb diet contributed to the better development of the digestive tract organs, the rumen mucus membrane and papillae on it. The highest and largest papillae were on the ventral part of the rumen, their height in the lambs was 3–4 mm. In the dorsal sac of the rumen they are less developed, on average in groups the height of papillae was 1.5–2.3 mm. With their best development the contact surface of the rumen increases, as a result, the use of nutrients of feed increases, which is expressed in the best meat qualities of animals.

IMMUNE-RELATED MECHANISMS, MOLECULAR AND GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH THE SYSTEMIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES WITH CRYOGLOBULINEMIC SYNDROME

Introduction: Cryoglobulinemic syndrome (CGS) is an immune-related process caused by cryoglobulins composition in the blood in small or medium vessels. Most frequently, CGS is triggered by lymphotropic viruses, immune-related and oncological diseases. Objectives: Studying the immune-related mechanisms, molecular and genetic characteristics of patients with systemic autoimmune diseases (SAD) against the cryoglobulinemic syndrome. Methods: Among 380 patients with SAD, in 94 (57.6%) progressing chronic EBV-infection was diagnosed, and 22.1% of patients were diagnosed with progressing chronic HSV 1/2-infection based on DNA virus identification through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in three biological media (blood, saliva, mucus membrane scraping). Results: Analysis of the cryoglobulins in such patients showed that CGS was diagnosed in 118 (31.1%) patients with the mean concentration of CG1.68±0.33 g/l at a rate of 0.48 ±0.10g/l. The patients with the systemic connective tissue diseases with CGS demonstrated statistically lower miR-146а expression which resulted in the abnormal production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the highest TLR9 expression on monocytes, slightly lower on lymphocytes, and the lowest on granulocytes; the increase in the relative amount of cytolytic T-lymphocytes, IL2 receptor lymphocytes, activated CD HLA DR+-lymphocytes against the reduction of NK-cells and regulatory suppressor CD4+/25+-cells was observed. The idiopathic and initiated oxidative monocyte capacity in CGS patients distinctly tended to increase, as compared to patients without CGS and normal individuals. Conclusions. Cryoglobulins may act as the so-called bridge between viral infections and the autoimmune processes. CGS was diagnosed in 31.1% of patients. Despite a substantial number of studies dedicated to the cryoglobulinemic syndrome, the peculiarities of the immune reaction of such patients need further research, since they create the risks of secondary vasculitis against SAD

Clinicopathological and Microscopic Features of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi Induced Infections in Sheep II

The present study elucidates further on clinical, gross, and microscopic pathologies induced by single or mixed infections with Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma brucei in sheep. Briefly, the experimental animals were divided into four groups of three animals each. Animals in each group were either infected with T. brucei, T. evansi, mixed (T. brucei and T. evansi), or noninfected. Animals were observed for clinical, gross, and microscopic pathologies for 98 days (14 weeks). The clinical pathologies observed included loss of body condition, pale ocular mucus membrane, rough hair coat, scrotal oedema, scrotal degeneration, emaciation, and death. At necropsy, macroscopic or gross lesions included very pale and anaemic carcass composition, congested and pneumonic lungs with severe haemorrhages, serous atrophy of intestinal and body fats, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. Microscopic lesions observed in the testes, spleen, liver, lungs, lymphoid, heart, and brain tissues of infected sheep were varied and included swollen kidney with renal tubular degeneration, the proliferation of lymphocytes at the germinal centers of the spleen, degeneration of the bronchioles, severe testicular degeneration with a reduction in the number of spermatogenic cell layers, degenerated Leydig and Sertoli cells with loss of sperm reserves in the seminiferous lumen, congested liver with sinusoidal spaces and the proliferation of monocytes and lymphocytes. The results indicate that trypanosomosis due to experimental T. brucei, T. evansi, or mixed infections may be an important cause of various grades of tissue and organ pathologies in sheep in trypanosome-endemic areas. Keywords: Trypanosomosis; Clinico-pathological and microscopic features; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosoma evansi; Mixed infections; Sheep

An Unusual Presentation of Malignant Melanoma

Melanoma is one of the aggressive malignancy arising from the melanocyte. Melanoma usually occurs in the mucus membrane and choroid. There are few cases who may present with lymph node, breast and other involvement. However, few may have an atypical origin and rarely the origin may be unknown. Its aggressive presentation, diagnosis and prognosis sometimes is very challenging to the physician. The mainstay of the diagnosis remains the histopathology and immuno-histochemistry (IHC). Varieties of treatment have evolved from surgical excision to systemic chemotherapy and immunotherapy with promising result, the treatment is still challenging. A 30 years old lady presented with lump in her both breasts and generalized lymphadenopathy. Excisional biopsy revealed Diffuse large B cell Non Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) but IHC was in favour of melanoma. The final diagnosis was cutaneous melanoma of trunk with atypical presentation (generalized lymphadenoapthy and bilateral breast metastasis).

Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems: A Review of Recent Developments

Purpose: The aim of this article is to present a review of mucoadhesion drug delivery systems. The review covers the mucoadhesive concepts, polymers used, theories and mechanisms of mucoadhesion, and factors affecting the mucoadhesive dosage forms. Study Design: An extensive review was carried out on mucoadhesion formulations, applications, mechanisms, theories, and polymers used in these dosage forms. Results: Mucoadhesive drug delivery system can interact with the mucus membrane, which covers the mucin molecules and mucosal epithelial surface. This interaction leads to an increment of the dosage form residence time at the site of absorption and hence increasing the bioavailability, efficacy of drugs, and improving therapeutic outcomes. Polymers are used to provide muco-adhesion of the dosage form, enhancing drug release pattern, solubility and dissolution of inadequately soluble drugs. Conclusion: Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems were found to be the best alternative approaches for the traditional dosage forms to enhance bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs and to avoid GIT degradation and first pass metabolism of some drugs.

LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS OF MALE INFERTILITY. BIOMARKERS AND METHODS. Part II

The new paradigm have been arise concerning to samples, markers and methods for assessment of male infertility. Nowadays, a sample “semen” and “sperm sediment” take a key role in examination and management of the subfertile couple. The advantages of sample “semen” such as non-invasive painless procedure as well as the wider range of diagnostic findings by number of methods (cytology, molecular and cultural) highlight the increasly importance of this diagnostic approach in comparison with conventional ones – prostate secretion and urethral scraping which obtained by invasive procedures – by massage and damaging a mucus membrane, respectively. According to the Russian register this review also presents the current situation with the work list of kits and devices for assessment of male infertility and inflammatory of male accessory glands.