Smelting options for carbon ferrochrome based on ore raw materials, middlings and their technological evaluation

The article presents the results of large-scale laboratory tests carried out in the conditions of the Chemical and Metallurgical Institute named after V.I. Zh. Abishev on the use of briquetted mono-charge in the smelting of carbon ferrochrome on a 250 kVA furnace. The purpose of these studies was to determine the technological parameters of the use of briquetted mono-charge containing in its composition chrome ore, wastes from the production of high-carbon ferrochrome, middlings and various carbonaceous reducing agents. The main idea of using these briquettes was to multiply the contact surface of the reductant and ore, which should speed up the technological process. The principal possibility of smelting a standard alloy using briquetted mono-charge is shown. The alloy for individual charge options meets the requirements of the standards. In comparison with the technology without the use of briquettes, the mono-charge technology has shown advantages in all main parameters. The technology with the use of briquettes from the dust of the AktZF gas cleaning system is distinguished by a low yield of non-standard metal and slag, the bulk of the material goes into the gas collection system. Technologies from briquettes from fines pellet production area of Donskoy ore mining and processing plant and flash have very low specific technical and economic indicators and cannot be recommended for industrial use. Improvement of briquetting modes and technology of their smelting is required. The technical and economic indicators were higher than the current one, showed briquettes from ore and coke of the People's Republic of China, briquettes of ore from borlin and shubarkol coals of Kazakhstan.

Biochemical and agro-technological evaluation of the assortment of tomatoes to create a functional food

Tomatoes are the main vegetable crops in open and protected ground. Currently, a huge number of varieties and hybrids have been created for industrial and amateur vegetable growing, which differ in the type of bush, yield, early maturity, marketability, disease resistance, color, shape, size, mechanical strength, and biochemical composition of fruits (content of dry substances, sugars, vitamins, mineral salts, organic acids and other vital ingredients). Therefore, not all varieties are equally suitable for processing into functional food products. The article considers the assortment of tomatoes for open ground by yield, marketable qualities and the main indicators of the biochemical composition of the fruit: acidity, dry matter content, sugars, vitamin C, the accumulation of nitrates in the fruit, as well as by taste. As a result of a comprehensive assessment of 9 varieties of tomatoes, the varieties Nepryadva, Belkhavsky and Pulsar were identified, which have high yield, marketability, taste qualities of fruits, vitamin value and suitability for processing into functional products. In breeding for use as sources, the main economically valuable traits are of interest: yield and marketability of fruits – Belkowski, Nepryadva, Pulsar, the size of the fruit – Belkowski, Pulsar; the content of dry substances Belkovsky, Bui-Tur, Nepryadva, Pulsar; vitamin C – Belkowski, Bui-Tur, Pulsar; on the accumulation of nitrate – Nepryadva, Shuttle, Beljavsky, Kulon; taste – Belkowski, Nepryadva, Bui-Tur, Pulsar, Yakhont.

Green growth or degrowth? Evaluating the potential of technology for sustainability

The raging debate between green growth and degrowth continues. Technology is a focal point in this debate as the advocates of green growth and degrowth have contradictory views on the roles and impacts of technology on environment and society. Green growth advocates believe that technology can allow indefinite growth while simultaneously ensuring environmental and societal sustainability, whereas the degrowth advocates argue that technological progress cannot allow indefinite growth. These views are largely opinion based rather than informed by objective and systematic analyses because comprehensive tools to evaluate the roles and impacts of technology on environment and society do not yet exist. This paper develops a much-needed framework to comprehensively evaluate the roles of technology on environment and society by analysing the interactions among the dimensions of technology, environment, economy and society. Key parameters that characterise technology are proposed for its evaluation and the policy implications of technological evaluations are examined. Finally, potential future research directions are explored. The technological evaluation approach proposed in this paper has a potential to significantly advance the green growth versus degrowth debate.

Biochemical and technological evaluation of peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) for functional food products

Pepper is one of the main nightshade vegetables in open and protected ground. There are a large number of varieties and hybrids that differ in agrotechnological characteristics and biochemical composition of fruits (content of dry substances, sugars, vitamins and other biologically active substances). However, not all varieties are suitable for being processed into functional food products. The article considers the assortment of sweet and hot peppers for open ground in terms of yield, commercial qualities and biochemical composition of fruits: the content of dry substances, sugars, vitamin C. Comprehensive assessment of 8 varieties of sweet peppers and 5 varieties of hot peppers identified the varieties Spartak, Kvazar and Pleiades (sweet pepper) and varieties G-1713 and Debut (hot pepper), which have high yields, marketability, vitamin value and suitability for processing into functional products. In breeding work, varieties of sweet pepper are of interest for use as sources of the main economically valuable traits: by yield – Spartak, Pleiades; by weight of fruits – Kvazar; pericarp wall thickness – Spartak, Kvazar; by the content of sugars and dry substances – Spartak, Biktash; by the content of vitamin C – Spartak, Biktash, Kvazar, Pleiades; hot pepper varieties: by yield – G-1713; by weight of fruits – Debut, Kozerog, G-1713; by the content of dry matter and vitamin C – Kozerog, G-1713; by vitamin C content – Debut.

Technological evaluation of bentonite suspension obtained using hydromechanical method

Изучены физико-химические свойства суспензии бентонита, полученной гидромеханическим способом в сравнении с традиционным. Представлены результаты исследований по обеспечению стабильности винодельческой продукции против необратимых коллоидных помутнений при применении суспензии бентонита, приготовленной гидромеханическим способом. Установлено, что суспензия бентонита, приготовленная гидродинамическим способом при частоте вращения ротора 2980 об/мин. в течение 5 мин. и средним размером частиц от 8 до 10 мкм, позволяет значительно повысить качество обработки виноматериалов и достичь высоких показателей их стабильности, а также снизить объем образующихся осадков до 10 процентов. Результаты технологической оценки суспензии бентонита, полученной на экспериментальной установке, положены в основу определения режимных и конструктивных параметров оборудования для приготовления растворов и суспензий вспомогательных материалов в виноделии. Physicochemical properties of bentonite suspension obtained using hydromechanical method in comparison with traditional one have been studied. The results of studies on providing the wine product stability against nonreversible colloidal haze in applying bentonite suspension prepared using hydromechanical method are presented. It was found that bentonite suspension prepared using hydrodynamic method at a rotor speed of 2980 rpm during 5 minutes and an average particle size of 8 to 10 µm, can significantly improve the quality of processing base wines, achieve high stability level and reduce the amount of sediment by up to 10 percent. The results of technological evaluation of bentonite suspension obtained using experimental unit are the basis for determining the operating and design parameters of equipment for preparation of solutions and suspensions of auxiliary materials in winemaking.

Combination of b-Fuels and e-Fuels—A Technological Feasibility Study

The energy supply in Austria is significantly based on fossil natural gas. Due to the necessary decarbonization of the heat and energy sector, a switch to a green substitute is necessary to limit CO2 emissions. Especially innovative concepts such as power-to-gas establish the connection between the storage of volatile renewable energy and its conversion into green gases. In this paper, different methanation strategies are applied on syngas from biomass gasification. The investigated syngas compositions range from traditional steam gasification, sorption-enhanced reforming to the innovative CO2 gasification. As the producer gases show different compositions regarding the H2/COx ratio, three possible methanation strategies (direct, sub-stoichiometric and over-stoichiometric methanation) are defined and assessed with technological evaluation tools for possible future large-scale set-ups consisting of a gasification, an electrolysis and a methanation unit. Due to its relative high share of hydrogen and the high technical maturity of this gasification mode, syngas from steam gasification represents the most promising gas composition for downstream methanation. Sub-stoichiometric operation of this syngas with limited H2 dosage represents an attractive methanation strategy since the hydrogen utilization is optimized. The overall efficiency of the sub-stoichiometric methanation lies at 59.9%. Determined by laboratory methanation experiments, a share of nearly 17 mol.% of CO2 needs to be separated to make injection into the natural gas grid possible. A technical feasible alternative, avoiding possible carbon formation in the methanation reactor, is the direct methanation of sorption-enhanced reforming syngas, with an overall process efficiency in large-scale applications of 55.9%.

ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING ROUTE NETWORK OF THE CITY OF MARHANETS

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to determine the directions for improvement the methods of formation of structures of track development of railway stations and their technical and technological assessment. Method. To determine the areas for improvement the methods of forming structures of track development of railway stations and their technical and technological evaluation, it is necessary to analyze the known scientific approaches, identify their weaknesses and strengths. Based on the analysis of these approaches to develop generalized procedures for the formation of rational structures of track development and evaluation of technical and technological parameters of railway stations. To develop the first procedure, it is necessary to choose the optimization criterion. Results. The paper analyzes the known scientific approaches to the formation of structures of track development of railway stations and their technical and technological evaluation. As a result, it was determined that the most effective way to calculate the design parameters of railway stations is to use automated design procedures, effective ways to calculate technological parameters and evaluate design decisions is to use simulation methods. The generalized procedures of formation of rational designs of track development of railway stations and their technical and technological estimation are offered. Scientific and practical significance. Improved procedures for the formation of rational structures of track development of railway stations and their technical and technological evaluation, which in contrast to the existing ones are based on determining the costs of the railway station with the cumulative total for the calculation period or project life cycle. The implementation of rational design solutions will ensure the implementation of the specified size of train and shunting operations of railway stations with a sufficient reserve of capacity and minimum costs. In addition, the results of technical and technological assessment of track development structures can be the basis for adjusting certain requirements for the construction of station necks.