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Author(s):  
Manabu Amiki ◽  
Yasuhiro Ishiyama ◽  
Tatsunosuke Harada ◽  
Ichitaro Mochizuki ◽  
Yuki Tomizawa ◽  
...  

2022 ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
Robert A. York ◽  
Jacob Levine ◽  
Daniel Foster ◽  
Scott Stephens ◽  
Brandon Collins

A significant expansion of prescribed fire activity will be necessary to mitigate growing wildfire hazard in California forests. Forest managers can facilitate this expansion by promoting forest structures that allow for more effective implementation of prescribed fire, for both initial-entry and repeat burns. We analyzed changes in surface fuel during a series of three burns in replicated mixed-conifer stands following a period of over 100 years of fire suppression and exclusion. Total fuel load, proportion of pine present, canopy cover and basal area of live trees were relevant forest-structure components that influenced plot-scale fuel consumption. The study highlighted the importance of pre-fire fuel load and the relative proportion of pine in the overstory, which both led to greater amounts of fuel consumption. The initial-entry burn dramatically reduced all fuel categories (fine fuel, coarse wood and duff). Following each burn, fuel recovered until the next burn reduced loads enough to maintain low fuel levels. We apply the results to provide an example of how to determine the timing of prescribed fires.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Glenn Davy

<p>Hizbullah’s initial entry into Lebanon’s confessional political system seems contradictory considering the organisation’s perpetual view that this electoral system is corrupt and the very cause of Lebanon’s problems. Hizbullah views this system to have disenfranchised the Shi’a of Lebanon.   Since its emergence in the 1980s Hizbullah has shifted from the religiously motivated goal of an Islamic revolution in Lebanon to the more nationalistic and secular project of providing ongoing resistance to Israel. This movement can be explained if we consider two separate facets of Hizbullah’s identity: It’s primordial Shi’a identity, and its identity as a resistance movement. A movement from the former to the latter has taken place.   This work argues that Hizbullah has moved away from placing importance on that which defined it primarily as an organisation seeking the advancement of Shi’a to an identity that places more emphasise on its resistance activities against Israel. This latter identity is more instrumentalist in nature. While placing importance on its Shi’a identity was not counter-productive to participating within politics, it did oblige Hizbullah to adopt more idealistic political projects. Therefore, this shift initially allowed Hizbullah to deal more effectively with the pragmatic realities of political life in Lebanon, for which it requires more broad-based cross-communal support. However, recent events in the Middle East have indicated that Hizbullah’s resistance identity may not necessarily guarantee it political success.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Glenn Davy

<p>Hizbullah’s initial entry into Lebanon’s confessional political system seems contradictory considering the organisation’s perpetual view that this electoral system is corrupt and the very cause of Lebanon’s problems. Hizbullah views this system to have disenfranchised the Shi’a of Lebanon.   Since its emergence in the 1980s Hizbullah has shifted from the religiously motivated goal of an Islamic revolution in Lebanon to the more nationalistic and secular project of providing ongoing resistance to Israel. This movement can be explained if we consider two separate facets of Hizbullah’s identity: It’s primordial Shi’a identity, and its identity as a resistance movement. A movement from the former to the latter has taken place.   This work argues that Hizbullah has moved away from placing importance on that which defined it primarily as an organisation seeking the advancement of Shi’a to an identity that places more emphasise on its resistance activities against Israel. This latter identity is more instrumentalist in nature. While placing importance on its Shi’a identity was not counter-productive to participating within politics, it did oblige Hizbullah to adopt more idealistic political projects. Therefore, this shift initially allowed Hizbullah to deal more effectively with the pragmatic realities of political life in Lebanon, for which it requires more broad-based cross-communal support. However, recent events in the Middle East have indicated that Hizbullah’s resistance identity may not necessarily guarantee it political success.</p>


2021 ◽  
pp. 39-60
Author(s):  
Leonardo R. Arriola ◽  
Melanie L. Phillips ◽  
Lise Rakner

Chapter 2 examines whether women face fundamentally different challenges as they seek to become political leaders in Zambia. The chapter demonstrates that women largely use the same strategies as men to succeed in politics but face distinct costs due to their gender. The chapter provides a nuanced assessment of how women’s experiences differ from men’s across distinct political stages, from initial entry into politics to actual campaigning. The chapter shows, contrary to existing theories, that women candidates report the same sources of encouragement and equivalent qualifications as men. Women are also found to pursue the same partisan strategies as men when seeking a spot on the ballot. The chapter shows, for example, that women are as likely as men to use bribes during the nomination process. However, the chapter also reveals that women candidates are significantly less likely than men to give public speeches or participate in rallies during campaigning.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey J. A. Bradshaw ◽  
Kasih Norman ◽  
Sean Ulm ◽  
Alan N. Williams ◽  
Chris Clarkson ◽  
...  

AbstractThe peopling of Sahul (the combined continent of Australia and New Guinea) represents the earliest continental migration and settlement event of solely anatomically modern humans, but its patterns and ecological drivers remain largely conceptual in the current literature. We present an advanced stochastic-ecological model to test the relative support for scenarios describing where and when the first humans entered Sahul, and their most probable routes of early settlement. The model supports a dominant entry via the northwest Sahul Shelf first, potentially followed by a second entry through New Guinea, with initial entry most consistent with 50,000 or 75,000 years ago based on comparison with bias-corrected archaeological map layers. The model’s emergent properties predict that peopling of the entire continent occurred rapidly across all ecological environments within 156–208 human generations (4368–5599 years) and at a plausible rate of 0.71–0.92 km year−1. More broadly, our methods and approaches can readily inform other global migration debates, with results supporting an exit of anatomically modern humans from Africa 63,000–90,000 years ago, and the peopling of Eurasia in as little as 12,000–15,000 years via inland routes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Natalie Hales ◽  
Spencer Lee ◽  
Edward Londner

The Army’s chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives (CBRNE) units respond to the any threat involving CBRNE elements. Their missions often involve the search and identification of radiation sources in a compromised facility. A major concern with this mission is the survivability of the Initial Entry Team, who is tasked with surveying the volatile indoor environment for data. The creation of a system to assist in, and expediate, the process of initial entry will greatly increase the health and welfare of the team. In order to localize and detect radiation in a pot-entially contaminated indoor environment, our team will develop the RADBOT, an unmanned, tethered robot that can de-tect and map radiation. This paper will summarize the research, design, testing, and results for the development of the RADBOT system.


Author(s):  
Maria Luz Pintos Peñaranda

Insight into Lester Embree’s C.V. Recovery and recognition of his inner purpose with regard to his critical detachment from a particular orientation of phenomenology. Phenomenological theory only makes sense as prepa-ration for real practice. When did the view that we, the “soi disant” phenomenologists, are far from the genuine practice of phenomenology arise in Embree? And, who inspired him, apart from Husserl himself? These are key questions to understand unity and inner coherence in Embre’s C.V., and they meet two aims. The first one is to find the link between his initial entry in phenomenology and his critical stance, particularly evident in the last two decades of his life. The second one is to identify who could have been his guide and model‒apart from Husserl‒from the beginning of his life as phenomenologist until his last two decades, when he wrote his comments on pseudophenomenology. In any case, Embree has been a critical voice who compels us to think about the orientation we are giving to the phenomenology inherited from Husserl. He is therefore a brave and honest philosopher, full of great humanity. In addititon to these qualities, it is worth noting both his creative intelligence and foresight to see‒earlier than others‒the evolution followed by phenomenology until now and his valuable multidisciplinary contribution. Praise to Lester Embree.Mirada hacia el interior del C.V. de Lester Embree. Recuperación y reconocimiento de su propósito interno con respecto a su distanciamiento crítico hacia cierta orientación de la fenomenología. La teoría fenomenológica únicamente tiene sentido como preparación para una real práctica. ¿Cuándo emerge en Embree su consideración de que los “soi disant” fenomenólogos estamos alejados del verdadero ejercicio de la fenomenología? Y, ¿en quién se inspira él además de en Husserl? Estas preguntas son importantes para entender la unidad y coherencia internas en el C.V. de Embree y sirven para satisfacer dos objetivos. El primero es hallar un vínculo entre su entrada inicial en la fenomenología y su posicionamiento crítico manifiesto especialmente en las últimas dos décadas de su vida. El segundo objetivo es determinar quién pudo actuar para él —además de Husserl— como guía y modelo desde el comienzo de su vida de fenomenólogo hasta esas dos últimas de su vida en las que escribe sus comentarios sobre la pseudofenomenología. En todo caso, Embree es una voz crítica que nos fuerza a pensar acerca de la trayectoria que nosotros estamos dando a la fenomenología heredada de Husserl. Él es, así, un filósofo valiente y honesto y de una gran humanidad. Se unen a estas cualidades su gran inteligencia creativa y su sorprendente perspicacia para ver —antes que otros— la evolución que ha seguido la fenomenología hasta hoy y la valiosa contribución multidisciplinar actual. Alabanza a Lester Embree.


2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huifeng Bai ◽  
Julie McColl ◽  
Christopher Moore ◽  
Weijing He ◽  
Jin Shi

PurposeThis empirical study, from the international retailing perspective, examines the direction of retailers' further expansion after initial entry into overseas host market in the context of the luxury fashion retail market in China.Design/methodology/approachThe research adopts qualitative multiple case studies.FindingsAfter initial entry into China, luxury fashion retailers further expand their retail operations through three directional patterns: cautious, regional and countrywide expansions. The stepwise expansion from tier-1 to tier-2 and tier-3 cities remains popular; however, the importance of the tier system of Chinese cities has been weakened because tier-3 cities in affluent regions are perceived to have more potential than some tier-2 cities in less developed regions. The retailers assess a potential local market through interrelated criteria, including location and strategic importance, economic development, available store locations and staff, a high degree of urbanisation and tourism, debatable favourable policies and offers, and popularity of e- and m-commerce. There is a positive relationship between popularity of e- and m-commerce in a city and the potential of that city to run brick-and-mortar stores.Originality/valueThe paper offers an insight into the current international retailing literature by examining the direction of luxury fashion retailers' further expansion after their initial market entry. Particularly, the research considers a set of criteria which can be used to assess a potential local market, and the impact of e- and m-commerce on local market choices for brick-and-mortar stores.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 21651
Author(s):  
Xiaoxuan Li ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Min-Huei Yang ◽  
Yanzhao Tang

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