Identifikasi Karakteristik Kimiawi dan Daya Simpan Kefir Susu Jagung (Zea mays L. Saccharata)

Kefir is a food-based on pasteurized milk fermented using lactic acid bacteria, aceticacid bacteria, and yeast. The study aims to analyze proximate levels (carbohydrates, proteins,and fats) and identify the characteristics of sensory changes during storage. This true experimental study uses a complete randomized design with 1 factor. Thecomposition of corn milk kefir consists of 3 levels (K1=corn milk: skimmed milk 100:0;K2=corn milk: skimmed milk 75:25; K3=corn milk: skimmed milk 50:50). Data analysisusing One Way Anova showed that carbohydrate content (10.31 + 1,426), fat (0.18 + 0.018),and protein (1.83 + 0.973) significantly different (p=0.0001). The 35 days of storage in the refrigerator (2-8C) results in a change in kefir colorbecoming more faded. The kefir texture before storage is different for each kefir compositionand becomes more viscous at the end of the storage period. The sour aroma of kefir willincrease during kefir storage. It can be concluded that protein and fat levels increase alongwith an increase in the amount of skimmed milk addition, while carbohydrate levels decreaseat the addition of the most skimmed milk (K3).Keywords: kefir, proximate, sensory characteristics, shelf-life, skimmed milko

Incisional paresthesia following clavicle plate fixation: does it matter to patients?

Background Operative management of clavicle fractures is increasingly common. In the context of explaining the risks and benefits of surgery, understanding the impact of incisional numbness as it relates to the patient experience is key to shared decision making. This study aims to determine the prevalence, extent, and recovery of sensory changes associated with supraclavicular nerve injury after open reduction and plate internal fixation of middle or lateral clavicle shaft fractures. Methods Eighty-six patients were identified retrospectively and completed a patient experience survey assessing sensory symptoms, perceived post-operative function, and satisfaction. Correlations between demographic factors and outcomes, as well as subgroup analyses were completed to identify factors impacting patient satisfaction. Results Ninety percent of patients experienced sensory changes post-operatively. Numbness was the most common symptom (64%) and complete resolution occurred in 32% of patients over an average of 19 months. Patients who experienced burning were less satisfied overall with the outcome of their surgery whereas those who were informed of the risk of sensory changes pre-operatively were more satisfied overall. Conclusions Post-operative sensory disturbance is common. While most patients improve, some symptoms persist in the majority of patients without significant negative effects on satisfaction. Patients should always be advised of the risk of persistent sensory alterations around the surgical site to increase the likelihood of their satisfaction post-operatively.

Effects of Magnitude of Leading Stimulus on Prepulse Inhibition of Auditory Evoked Cerebral Responses: An Exploratory Study

An abrupt change in a sound feature (test stimulus) elicits a specific cerebral response, which is attenuated by a weaker sound feature change (prepulse) preceding the test stimulus. As an exploratory study, we investigated whether and how the magnitude of the change of the prepulse affects the degree of prepulse inhibition (PPI). Sound stimuli were 650 ms trains of clicks at 100 Hz. The test stimulus was an abrupt sound pressure increase (by 10 dB) in the click train. Three consecutive clicks, weaker (−5 dB, −10 dB, −30 dB, or gap) than the baseline, at 30, 40, and 50 ms before the test stimulus, were used as prepulses. Magnetic responses to the ten types of stimuli (test stimulus alone, control, four types of tests with prepulses, and four types of prepulses alone) were recorded in 10 healthy subjects. The change-related N1m component, peaking at approximately 130 ms, and its PPI were investigated. The degree of PPI caused by the −5 dB prepulse was significantly weaker than that caused by other prepulses. The degree of PPI caused by further decreases in prepulse magnitude showed a plateau level between the −10 dB and gap prepulses. The results suggest that there is a physiologically significant range of sensory changes for PPI, which plays a role in the change detection for survival.

Pearls & Oy-sters: Symmetric Numbness and Paresthesia Due to Stroke-like Episode in an Adolescent Male With MELAS

Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome is a mitochondrial condition with a wide range of neurologic complications including migraines, seizures, and stroke-like episodes. This case report highlights a rare presentation of bilateral sensory changes related to MELAS and offers an opportunity to consider how a differential diagnosis may need to be modified in patients with underlying mitochondrial disorders. Neurologic symptoms in MELAS may defy classic localization patterns, and early neuroimaging is warranted.

Olfactory sensory evaluation in new-born children of women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy

Introduction: In adults, olfactory loss is one of the earliest and most frequent acute clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The number of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 is relatively small, perhaps due to the lower expression of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) in children compared to adults. Little is known about foetal impairment in mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2. Objective: The goal of the present study is to develop and validate a behavioural evaluative scale of olfactory perception in healthy new-borns and to apply this scale to new-born children of women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy comparing to new-born children of women without COVID-19 infection history. Methods: This is a retrospective comparative analytical cohort study of 300 new-borns exposed and unexposed to COVID-19 during pregnancy. The data collection will follow the experimental procedure in a previous study that explored odours of the maternal breastmilk, vanilla (sweet) and distilled water (neutral). A coffee smell was implemented as an addition to this previous study in order to include the acid/bitterness category to the categories of stimuli. Discussion: It is feasible to argue the hypothesis of the involvement of the foetus' olfactory bulb during intrauterine life as one of the indelible pathophysiological manifestations to the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 with neurosensory olfactory deficit in foetuses and new-borns affected by intrauterine infection. This study aims to investigate if new-born children of women infected with COVID-19 during pregnancy have olfactory sensory changes. The clinical trial was registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC- RBR-65qxs2).