antimicrobial potency
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2022 ◽  
pp. 59-92
Author(s):  
Sowbarnika Arul Senthil ◽  
Sneha Unnikrishnan ◽  
Karthikeyan Ramalingam

Essential oil, endorsed as a natural cum powerful ingredient, encompasses incredible properties, and various approaches have been proposed and spurred over the last decades. One among them is the nano-emulsification of the essential oils, and the sub-micron size provides prolonged shelf life, ease of formulation and handling, nullification of the stated obstacles, as well as the augmentation of the essential oil antimicrobial activity. This chapter primarily reinforces and is well-articulated on (1) the components and its precise concentration adequate to fabricate nanoemulsion; (2) critical analysis on the experimentally inferred antimicrobial mechanism and the extent of contribution granted by the optimal concentration of the components in the nanoemulsion; (3) scrutinization of the possible impact rendered by the components on the other characteristics of nanoemulsion aside from antimicrobial potency. Altogether, the importance of careful formulation of the essential oil-loaded nanoemulsion is emphasized extensively.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Delianis Pringgenies ◽  
Wilis Ari Setyati ◽  
Ali Djunaedi ◽  
Rini Pramesti ◽  
Siti Rudiyanti ◽  
...  

Highlight ResearchAntimicrobial potential against the test microbesRhizhopora mucronata isolate showed 95% homology with Bacillus subtilis, and 97% homology with Bacillus oceanisediminis,Acanthus ilicifolius isolate showed 96% homology with Paracoccus caeni, and 89% homology with Bacillus circulans. The study found 4 isolates with antimicrobial potency against MDR pathogenic microbes.The symbiont microbes taken from Rhizophora mucronata and Acanthus ilicifolius were determined to be of the genus Bacillus and Paracoccus AbstractAntimicrobial property of mangrove symbiont have the ability to fight Multi Drug Resistant bacteria which were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio haryeyi. This study aimed to determine the potential of symbiont microbes from the root of Rhizopora mucronata and Acanthus iilicifolius as antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic microbes. This research was conducted during July to November 2020. The MDR bacteria were S. aureus, E. coli, and V. harveyi MDR test microbes. The symbiont microbes were identified through molecular analyses (PCR 16S rDNA). Isolation of symbiont microbes from R. mucronata resulted in 16 isolates, while isolation from A. iilicifolius resulted in 14 isolates. Based on the antimicrobial qualitative test against S. aureus, 8 out of 16 microbial isolates from R. mucronata were found to show antimicrobial properties. The testing of A. ilicifolius symbiont microbes against S. aureus showed 8 out of 14 isolates with antimicrobial properties. The test against E. coli resulted in 2 out of 16 microbial isolates from R. mucronata and 5 out of 14 isolates from A. ilicifolius with antimicrobial properties. The test against V. harveyi resulted in two out of 16 microbial isolates from R.mucronata and 4 out of 14 isolates from A. ilicifolius with antimicrobial properties. The quantitative test found 2 isolates from R. mucronta, namely isolates RM10 and RM12, with antimicrobial properties against MDR strain E. coli, with the best isolate being RM10, which produced 11.22 mm of inhibition zone diameter. Furthermore, the selection of isolates was based on the size of the inhibition zone, the clearness of the inhibition zone and the potential for antibacterial activity. Based on their overall antimicrobial potential against the test microbes, four isolates were selected.  Molecular analyses of RM12 isolate showed 95% homology with Bacillus subtilis, of RM 10 isolate showed 97% homology with Bacillus oceanisediminis, of AC isolate showed 96% homology with Paracoccus caeni, and of AC 5 isolate showed 89% homology with Bacillus circulans. The study found four isolates with antimicrobial potency against MDR pathogenic microbes. The symbiont microbes taken from R. mucronata and A. ilicifolius were determined to be of the genus Bacillus and Paracoccus. 


Author(s):  
Lalitha Vaidyanathan ◽  
T. Sivaswamy Lokeswari

Aims: To identify the antimicrobial potency of the leaf fractions of Vernonia arborea against selected wound microbes viz., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Background: Wound healing is often delayed due to the presence of polymicrobial load, that have to be abolished to facilitate the healing process. A major class of antimicrobial phytocompound reported to occur in Vernonia arborea species include sesquiterpenes. Reports on the wound healing potency of V. arborea in wound models of Wistar rats however did not report antimicrobial activity of the aqueous or methanolic extracts. Methodology: The column fractions of the hexane leaf extract were tested against the selected strains by agar well diffusion assay and the zone of inhibition confirmed with TLC bioautography at specific Rf. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bioactive fractions was identified using resazurin microtiter assay (REMA) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined. HPTLC quantification was also performed. Results: Out of the 30 pooled fractions, six showed antimicrobial potency against all the five tested wound microbes. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of these fractions were determined, ranging from 15.62 µg/mL to 500 µg/mL for the different microbes. Quantitative High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) revealed two compounds (a and b) in the bioactive fraction10 with yields of 633 mg (63%) and 97 mg (9.7%) per gram of the extract. Conclusion: The findings suggest the potential use of the bioactive compound in chronic infectious wound management therapy.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (31) ◽  
pp. 2384-2389
Author(s):  
Poornachitra Poornachitra ◽  
Jayanth Kumar Vadivel ◽  
Geetha R. V ◽  
Subha Manoharan

BACKGROUND Infective endocarditis [IE] prophylaxis is recommended for all dental procedures that involve manipulation of gingival tissue or the periapical region of teeth or perforation of the oral mucosa. The study intended to compare the antimicrobial potency of amoxicillin, cephalexin, and clindamycin against Streptococcus mutans, the common causative organism of dental infections. The objective was to assess the potency of recommended choice of antibiotics and its efficacy among each other in infective endocarditis prophylaxis during dental procedures. METHODS Saliva samples [N = 20] were collected from patients susceptible for IE and Streptococcus mutans was cultured in Infusion Agar. The principle used in this study was based on the Kirby - Bauer disc diffusion Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test [AST] Method and minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]. In this method, the three HiMedia antibiotic discs of amoxicillin, cephalexin and clindamycin were loaded and assessed for measurable “zone of inhibition” against mutans. RESULTS One-way ANOVA was used to compare the means of zone of inhibition of each disc. The test was statistically significant with F value of 4.093 at P value 0.038. Post hoc analysis was conducted using Tukey’s HSD test as one-way ANOVA was statistically significant. The mean difference of 13.16 mm between amoxicillin and cephalexin was found to be statistically significant at P value 0.041 with lower and upper bound at 0.527 and 25.806 respectively. The mean difference of 2.65 mm between amoxicillin and clindamycin and - 10.50 mm between cephalexin and clindamycin was not found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Amoxicillin showed to be more potent among the antibiotics chosen for this study. Clindamycin showed to be a better alternative to cephalexin and could be the first choice in case of patients allergic to penicillin group of drugs. KEY WORDS Antibiotic Prophylaxis, Infective Endocarditis, Antimicrobial Potency, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC], Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test [AST], Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion Method


Author(s):  
Pavani Bellamkonda ◽  
Ramesh Kumar Koothati ◽  
Aamina Bee ◽  
Abhishree Desai ◽  
G. K. Aarthi ◽  
...  

Objective: Dental caries is an infectious disease in which S. mutans plays a key role. Haphazard and irrational use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance and fatal diarrhoeal diseases in children. Antimicrobial potency of Terminalia chebula and Piper nigrum extracts against several bacterial strains have been documented. The aims of this study were to assess and compare the antimicrobial activities of T. chebula and P. nigrum extracts against S. mutans with Ciprofloxacin as the positive control. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, S. mutans was isolated from plaque samples of people with active caries lesions.  Antimicrobial potency of both T. chebula and P.nigrum were tested using agar well diffusion method. Results: All the tested extracts showed antibacterial activity against S. mutans bacteria. Regarding the two tested herbs extracts, a higher antimicrobial activity was shown by the methanol extract of T. chebula with a mean diameter of inhibition zone was 26.75mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 25mg /ml concentration followed by acetonic extract. Conclusion: These findings confirm the Antimicrobial potency of T. chebula which can be used as an alternative antibiotic and/or in combination with allopathic antibiotics to prevent the antibiotic resistance.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 888-903
Author(s):  
Hanan Alghamdi ◽  
Syed Nazreen ◽  
Ahmed A. Elhenawy ◽  
Mohamed Abdelbaset

The antimicrobial resistance is a global human threat which has led to the withdrawal of antibiotics from the market. Therefore, it is a need to develop new and effective antimicrobial agents to overcome this problem. In this paper, new Dioxovanadium(V) complexes (1–8) with ligands viz. (2-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl)phenol; L1) and 2,5-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (L2) were synthesized and assessed for antimicrobial-activity. Both a bidentate and tetradentate oxadiazole ligands coordinate with vanadium ions through the nitrogen and oxygen atoms giving octahedral geometries. Thermal analysis and IR data confirmed the presence of hydrated water in the metal-complexes. The investigated compounds were assessed for antimicrobial viz four strains of bacterial and one a fungal strain. The antibacterial data showed that, the complexes (1–8) are lower potency against bacterial strain than the free ligands except (5) and (7) complexes. These complexness showed the highest antibacterial potency via the Staphylococcus aureus. All investigated compounds were inactive against C. albicans except complexes 2 and 5 which showed high activity. The performance of DFT was conducted to examine an interaction mode of the target compounds with biological system. The QSPR was calculated as: optimization geometries, (FMOs), and chemical-reactivities for the synthesized compounds. The (MEPs) were figured to predict the interaction behavior of the ligand and its complexes against the receptor. The molecular docking was performed against DNA gyrase to study the interaction mode with biological system.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-184
Author(s):  
Odangowei Inetiminebi Ogidi ◽  
◽  
Lilian Maureen Oluchi Oguoma ◽  
Patrick Chukwudi Adigwe ◽  
Blessing Bumein Anthony ◽  
...  

Microorganism resistance to synthetic antibiotics is an increasing public health challenge, therefore, new antimicrobial agents from different plant and biological sources are sought-after. This research was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical properties and antimicrobial potency of wild edible mushrooms. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis was done using the standard method of Association of Official Analytical Chemist and agar well diffusion method was used for antimicrobial analysis. Phytochemical results of wild edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus obtained from Yenagoa, shows varying quantities of tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and steroids. The methanol and aqueous extracts of the samples reveals different degree of inhibition on both bacteria and fungi (Shigella sp., Staphylococcus sp., Vibrio sp., Escherichia coli, Penicillium sp., Yeast and Moulds). Aqueous extracts were more effective on the test organisms when compared to methanol extracts. P. ostreatus showed good antimicrobial potency against all the microorganisms tested. The findings from this study show the efficacy of wild edible mushroom as a potent antimicrobial agent


Author(s):  
Tracey L. Bonfield ◽  
Morgan T. Sutton ◽  
David R. Fletcher ◽  
Michael A. Folz ◽  
Vaishnavi Ragavapuram ◽  
...  

Nanomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahboobeh Jafari ◽  
Samira Sadat Abolmaali ◽  
Ali Mohammad Tamaddon ◽  
Kamiar Zomorodian ◽  
Bahador Shahriarirad (Sarkari)

Amphotericin B (AMB), with widespread antifungal and anti-parasitic activities and low cross-resistance with other drugs, has long been identified as a potent antimicrobial drug. However, its clinical toxicities, especially nephrotoxicity, have limited its use in clinical practice. Lately, nano-based systems have been the subject of serious research and becoming an effective strategy to improve toxicity and antimicrobial potency. Commercial AMB lipid formulations have been developed in order to improve the therapeutic index and nephrotoxicity, while limited use is mainly due to their high cost. The review aimed to highlight the updated information on nanotechnology-based approaches to the development of AMB delivery and targeting systems for treatment of fungal diseases and leishmaniasis, regarding therapeutic challenges and achievements of various delivery systems.


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