Travelling and COVID-19: A Mathematical Model

A non-linear mathematical model is proposed to study the impacts of travelling in human-human transmission of COVID- 19.Two different regions are considered and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 dissemination in two regions caused by travelling from one region to other and infection during travel are discussed.Besides contacts between susceptible and infected population of a region off the travel,transmission of disease due to contacts during travel is also considered.The proposed model is analysed using stability theory of ordinary differential equation and feasibility of qualitative results ia checked through numerical simulations.From obtained results,it is shown that travelling and population dispersal can aggravate disease spreading in each region.It is also inferred that rate of travelling and rate of contacts during travel and off the travel can ease the disease to take endemic form and for high rates,it may become pandemic. Further numerical calculations are performed and critical limits of the major factors enhancing spreading of disease.It is revealed that when the rates goes higher than their corresponding critical limits,disease may not be controlled due to high infection.It is also imparted that when the rates are high, disease can only be controlled with high rate of quarantine.Also approximate time or stability is evaluated for maximum as well as minimum rates of key parameters.The results obtained by analyzing the model recommends that for early stability of endemic situation, key factors must be kept as minimum as possible within estimated limits and quarantining infected class to control the transmission of disease.

“Smart” Colonialism and Digital Divestment: A Case Study

Much has been written about how information communication technologies (ICTs) detract from nations' planning and development norms, but there remains insufficient theoretical examination of the way ICTs may drive extranormative national aims. This paper examines such a case by disentangling the complicated relationships between telecommunications, city planning, and economic development in one modern settler-colonial context. The author explores how planning and development norms are adulterated in Palestine-Israel to further a select set of interests, in the service of an evolving national project. Palestinian and Israeli demographics and telecommunications infrastructure on both sides of the Green Line are examined, revealing the role of these technologies in facilitating population dispersal, economic exploitation, and political control at various stages of settler colonialism.

Growth of the Trade in Northern Alaska

This chapter examines the rise in the number of trading posts and the population dispersal that took place in Northern Alaska in response to the quest for white fox pelts, the price of which rose throughout the 1920s. It also discusses the loss of the schooners Arctic and Lady Kindersley.

Kemapanan Burung Bentet Kelabu (Lanius schach) Asal Yogyakarta di Pulau Salibabu / The Establishment of Gray Bentet Bird (Lanius schach) from Yogyakarta in Salibabu Island

<p>The Gray Bentet bird (Lanius schach) is one of the potential predators as biological agents against grasshopper pests. As many as 30 males and 10 females of the Gray Bentet birds had been introduced from Yogyakarta to Salibabu Island, Talaud Islands Regency, North Sulawesi Province, for controlling coconut pest namely Sexava nubila grasshopper. The establishment, development, and biology of the Gray Bentet birds were studied at District of Moronge in Salibabu Island, from August 2011 to July 2012. Establishment of the Gray Bentet bird was indicated by its population, dispersal, and the resulted new generation. Results showed that the Gray Bentet bird was very successfully established and well developed in Salibabu Island. At 3 months after release as many as 20 birds were rediscovered and they had dispersed as far as 6 – 15 km away from the release site. The new generation of as many as 2 birds were discovered at 9 months after releasing of their parents. Biology of the Gray Bentet birds in Salibabu Island was similar with that in their origin in Yogyakarta. A single female produced 4 eggs per reproductive period for 3-4 days, with sex ratio of 3 males : 1 female. Producing eggs frequency was twice per year. The first mating occurred when the Gray Bentet birds was at 9 months old. The Gray Bentet bird belonged to insectivorous group, diurnal birds, and it attacks moving preys. The predatory bird developed well in Salibabu Island and it was a promising biological control agent against the pest of S. nubila.</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Burung Bentet kelabu <em>Lanius schach </em>merupakan salah satu predator yang berpotensi sebagai agens hayati hama belalang. Sebanyak 30 ekor burung jantan dan 10 ekor betina telah diintroduksikan dari Yogyakarta ke Pulau Salibabu, Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, untuk pengendalian hama kelapa, belalang <em>Sexava</em> <em>nubila</em>. Kemapanan, perkembangan, dan biologi burung ini dikaji<em> </em>di Kecamatan Moronge, Pulau Salibabu, sejak bulan Agustus 2011 sampai Juli 2012. Kemapanan burung <em>L. schach</em> diukur berdasarkan populasi, pemencaran, dan generasi baru. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa burung <em>L. schach</em> berhasil mapan dan berkembang dengan baik di Pulau Salibabu. Pada tiga bulan sesudah pelepasan sebanyak 20 ekor ditemukan kembali dan telah memencar sejauh 6-15 km dari tempat pelepasan. Burung generasi baru sebanyak 2 ekor ditemukan pada saat 9 bulan setelah pelepasan induknya. Biologi <em>L.</em> s<em>chach</em> di Pulau Salibabu mirip dengan di daerah asalnya Yogyakarta. Seekor betina bertelur sebanyak 4 butir/periode bertelur. Masa bertelur selama 3-4 hari. Frekuensi bertelur dua kali per tahun. Sex ratio 3 jantan : 1 betina. Burung <em>L. schach</em> kawin pertama kali saat berumur sekitar 9 bulan. Burung<em> </em>ini termasuk golongan pemakan serangga, aktif pada siang hari, dan memburu mangsa yang bergerak. Burung predator ini berkembang dengan baik dan merupakan agens pengendalian hayati yang menjanjikan terhadap hama <em>S. nubila</em> di Pulau Salibabu.<span style="text-decoration: line-through;"><br /></span></p>