Mechanistic investigations on a homogeneous ruthenium Guerbet catalyst in a flow reactor

A mechanistic investigation on the ethanol self-condensation reaction (Guerbet reaction) catalyzed by a bis(pyridylimino)isoindolate Ru(ii) catalyst was performed using a specifically designed continuously-stirred tank reactor (CSTR).

pH-Based Control Strategies for the Nitrification of High-Ammonium Wastewaters

Aquatic nitrogen pollution is one of the most urgent environmental issues requiring prevention and mitigation. Large quantities of high-ammonium wastewaters are generated by several industrial sectors, such as fertilizer and anaerobic-digestion plants. Nitrification of these wastewaters is commonly carried out, either to remove nitrogen or produce liquid fertilizers. Standard control methodologies for the efficient nitrification of high-ammonium wastewaters to produce liquid fertilizers have not yet been established and are still within their early stages of development. In this paper, novel pH-based control algorithms are presented that maintain operation at the microbial maximum reaction rate (υmax) in batch and continuous reactors. Complete conversion of ammonium to nitrate was achieved in a batch setup, and a conversion of 93% (±1%) was achieved in a continuously-stirred-tank-reactor. The unparalleled performance and affordability of the control schemes proposed offer a steppingstone to the future of sustainable fertilizer production.