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2021 ◽  
pp. 030573562110611
Author(s):  
Sarig Sela

Music is a cognitively demanding task. New tones override the previous tones in quick succession, with only a short window to process them. Language presents similar constraints on the brain. The cognitive constraints associated with language processing have been argued to promote the Chunk-and-Pass processing hypothesis and may influence the statistical regularities associated with word and phenome presentation that have been identified in language and are thought to allow optimal communication. If this hypothesis were true, then similar statistical properties should be identified in music as in language. By searching for real-life musical corpora, rather than relying on the artificial generation of musical stimuli, a novel approach to melodic fragmentation was developed specifically for a corpus comprised of improvisation transcriptions that represent a popular performance practice tradition from the 16th century. These improvisations were created by following a very detailed technique, which was disseminated through music tutorials and treatises across Europe during the 16th century. These music tutorials present a very precise methodology for improvisation, using a pre-defined vocabulary of melodic fragments (similar to modern jazz licks). I have found that these corpora follow two paramount, quantitative linguistics characteristics: (1) Zipf’s rank-frequency law and (2) Zipf’s abbreviation law. According to the working hypothesis, adherence to these laws ensures the optimal coding of the examined music corpora, which facilitates the improved cognitive processing for both the listener and the improviser. Although these statistical characteristics are not consciously implemented by the improviser, they might play a critical role in music processing for both the listener and the improviser.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarig Sela

Music is a cognitively demanding task. New tones override the previous tones in quick succession, with only a short window to process them. Language presents similar constraints on the brain. The cognitive constraints associated with language processing have been argued to promote the Chunk-and-Pass processing hypothesis and may influence the statistical regularities associated with word and phenome presentation that have been identified in language and are thought to allow optimal communication. If this hypothesis were true, then similar statistical properties should be identified in music as in language. By searching for real-life musical corpora, rather than relying on the artificial generation of musical stimuli, a novel approach to melodic fragmentation was developed specifically for a corpus comprised of improvisation transcriptions that represent a popular performance practice tradition from the 16th century. These improvisations were created by following a very detailed technique, which was disseminated through music tutorials and treatises across Europe during the 16th century. These music tutorials present a very precise methodology for improvisation, using a pre-defined vocabulary of melodic fragments (similar to modern jazz licks). I have found that these corpora follow two paramount, quantitative linguistics characteristics: (1) Zipf’s rank-frequency law and (2) Zipf’s abbreviation law. According to the working hypothesis, adherence to these laws ensures the optimal coding of the examined music corpora, which facilitates the improved cognitive processing for both the listener and the improviser. Although these statistical characteristics are not consciously implemented by the improviser, they might play a critical role in music processing for both the listener and the improviser.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 4726
Author(s):  
Yuan Qi ◽  
Lixin Wu ◽  
Yifan Ding ◽  
Yingjia Liu ◽  
Shuai Chen ◽  
...  

Earthquakes are one of the most threatening natural disasters to human beings, and pre- and post-earthquake microwave brightness temperature (MBT) anomalies have attracted increasing attention from geosciences as well as remote sensing communities. However, there is still a lack of systematic description about how to extract and then discriminate the authenticity of seismic MBT anomalies. In this research, the first strong earthquake occurring near the northern edge of eastern Bayan Har block in nearly 20 years, the recent Mw 7.3 Maduo earthquake in Qinghai province, China on 21 May 2021, was selected as a case study. Based on the monthly mean background of MBT, the spatiotemporal features of MBT residuals with 10.65 GHz before and after the earthquake was firstly revealed. Referring to the spatial patterns and abnormal amplitudes of the results, four typical types of evident MBT positive residuals were obtained, and the time series of intensity features of each category was also quantitatively analyzed. Then, as the most influential factor on surface microwave radiation, air temperature, soil moisture and precipitation were analyzed to discriminate their contributions to these residuals. The fourth one, which occurred north to the epicenter after the earthquake, was finally confirmed to be caused by soil moisture reduction and thus ruled out as being related to seismicity. Therefore, the three retained typical MBT residuals with 10.65 GHz could be identified as possible anomalies associated with the Maduo earthquake, and were further analyzed collaboratively with some other reported abnormal phenomena related to the seismogenic process. Furthermore, through time series analysis, the MBT positive residuals inside the Bayan Har block were found to be more significant than that outside, and the abnormal behaviors of MBT residuals in the elevation range of 4000–5000 m reflected the shielding effect on microwave radiation from thawing permafrost on the plateau in March and April, 2021. This research provides a detailed technique to extract and discriminate the seismic MBT anomaly, and the revealed results reflect well the joint effect of seismic activity and regional coversphere environment on satellite-observed MBT.


Author(s):  
Наталья Витальевна Зайцева ◽  
Жанна Владимировна Вечеркина ◽  
Михаил Анатольевич Крючков ◽  
Виктор Сергеевич Калиниченко ◽  
Николай Валерьевич Морозов ◽  
...  

Вопреки доказанным преимуществам автоматизации зуботехнической лаборатории с помощью компьютерных технологий, изготовление металлокерамическмх несъемных коронок и мостовидных протезов остается востребованным в ортопедической стоматологи видом конструкции. Большой клинический опыт, отработанные технологии, надёжность и относительная простота изготовления дают им неоспоримые положительные качества. И главным моментов, определяющим их качество, долговечность и эффективность заключается в опыте, тандеме работы врача стоматолога-ортопеда и зубного мастера, и конечно же в грамотности выполнения пошаговой последовательности керамического моделирования облицовки выбранной комбинированной конструкции. Изготовление металлокерамических коронок небольшой толщины требует от зубного техника владения различными методиками нанесения керамической облицовки, знаний свойств и особенностей масс мировых производителей, тщательного соблюдения всех этапов и грамотной работы с цветовой палитрой. Создание металлокерамической конструкции предполагает последовательное получение металлического каркаса, на которй в последующем послойно наносят керамическую массу, а затем проводят ее обжиг. Среди технологических операций при создании облицовки цельнолитого металлического каркаса несъемного протеза из металлокерамики следует веделить следующие аспекты: подготовка каркаса протеза, выбор, подготовка и нанесение керамической массы, моделирование и обжиг грунтового слоя, нанесение дентинной массы, этап глазурирования. В научной работе, проведенной сотрудниками кафедры пропедевтической стоматологии ранее, дана характеристика методов моделирования керамической массы, были подробно изложены основные аспекты по обработке керамической массы горячим воздухом, формированию основного слоя керамического покрытия. В последующем, убедившись в высоком качестве грунтового покрытия, переходят к моделированию и обжигу дентинного слоя керамики. В данной статье описана подробная техника нанесения компоненотов керамических масс на опаковой слой керамической массы. Представленный метод трехэтапного нанесения керамического покрытия при изготовлении металлокерамических зубных протезов отвечает всем требованиям моделирования керамики. Следует обратить внимание на точное соблюдение правил послойного нанесения и конденсации керамических масс. Нанесение отдельных слоев керамической массы предполагает наличие опыта у зубного техника Despite the proven advantages of dental laboratory automation using computer technologies, the production of metal-ceramic fixed crowns and bridges remains a popular type of construction in orthopedic dentistry. Extensive clinical experience, proven technologies, reliability and relative ease of manufacture give them undeniable positive qualities. And the main factor that determines their quality, durability and effectiveness is the experience, the tandem work of the dentist-orthopedist and dental master, and of course the literacy of performing a step-by-step sequence of ceramic modeling of the selected combined structure. The production of metal-ceramic crowns of small thickness requires the dental technician to know various methods of applying ceramic cladding, to know the properties and features of the world's leading manufacturers, to carefully observe all stages and to work correctly with the color palette. The creation of a metal-ceramic structure involves the sequential production of a metal frame, on which the ceramic mass is subsequently applied in layers, and then it is fired. Among the technological operations when creating the veneer-cast metal framework removable denture-metal should be wadelite the following aspects: preparation of a denture, the choice, preparation and application of the ceramic mass, the modeling and firing the base coat, applying the dentinal mass, the stage of glazing applications. In the scientific work carried out by the staff of the Department of propaedeutic dentistry earlier, the characteristic of methods for modeling the ceramic mass was given, the main aspects of processing the ceramic mass with hot air, and the formation of the main layer of the ceramic coating were described in detail. After making sure that the high quality of the ground coating is used, they proceed to modeling and firing the dentin layer of ceramics. This article describes a detailed technique for applying ceramic mass components to the opaque layer of the ceramic mass. The presented method of three-stage application of ceramic coating in the manufacture of metal-ceramic dentures meets all the requirements of modeling ceramics. You should pay attention to the exact observance of the rules of layering and condensation of ceramic masses


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5609
Author(s):  
Hong Joo Lee ◽  
Hoyeon Oh

Based on the rapid development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), all industries are preparing for a paradigm shift as a result of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Therefore, it is necessary to study the importance and diffusion of technology and, through this, the development and direction of core technologies. Leading countries such as the United States and China are focusing on artificial intelligence (AI)’s great potential and are working to establish a strategy to preempt the continued superiority of national competitiveness through AI technology. This is because artificial intelligence technology can be applied to all industries, and it is expected to change the industrial structure and create various business models. This study analyzed the leading artificial intelligence technology to strengthen the market’s environment and industry competitiveness. We then analyzed the lifecycle of the technology and evaluated the direction of sustainable development in industry. This study collected and studied patents in the field of artificial intelligence from the US Patent Office, where technology-related patents are concentrated. All patents registered as artificial intelligence technology were analyzed by text mining, using the abstracts of each patent. The topic was extracted through topic modeling and defined as a detailed technique. Promising/mature skills were analyzed through a regression analysis of the extracted topics. In addition, the Bass model was applied to the promising technologies, and each technology was studied in terms of the technology lifecycle. Eleven topics were extracted via topic modeling. A regression analysis was conducted to identify the most promising/mature technology, and the results were analyzed with three promising technologies and five mature technologies. Promising technologies include Augmented Reality (AR)/Virtual Reality (VR), Image Recognition and Identification Technology. Mature technologies include pattern recognition, machine learning platforms, natural language processing, knowledge representation, optimization, and solving. This study conducts a quantitative analysis using patent data to derive promising technologies and then presents the objective results. In addition, this work then applies the Bass model to the promising artificial intelligence technology to evaluate the development potential and technology diffusion of each technology in terms of its growth cycle. Through this, the growth cycle of AI technology is analyzed in a complex manner, and this study then predicts the replacement timing between competing technologies.


Author(s):  
Alexander V. Sarychev ◽  
Nikolay V. Demchenko ◽  
Ivan N. Arkhiptsev

The study is devoted to the physical training of cadets and students of the educational institution of higher education of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation using kettlebell lifting equipment. We use the methods of statistical, graphic, analytical research. The role of physical fitness in the educational process and professional activities of future employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is considered. We describe a detailed technique and algorithms for conducting training sessions using kettlebell lifting equipment. The fundamental advantages of kettlebell lifting in terms of physical, psychological, moral and volitional, creative, professional development of cadets and students are identified. We reveal the positive impact of exercises using kettlebell lifting equipment on the physical fitness of students and the solution of applied, recreational and professional tasks related to the forceful suppression of offenses and the detention of resisting offenders.


BMC Cancer ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Lian Qiu ◽  
Jian-Bo Lin ◽  
Xu Li ◽  
Rong-Gang Luo ◽  
Bo Liu ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The present standard of surgical treatment for esophageal cancer is country dependent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the basic aspects of surgical procedures performed for esophageal cancer, and provide information about the present state of esophageal cancer surgery in China. Methods Data were obtained from a database administered by the Chinese Ministry for Health. A total of 542 participating hospitals were divided into seven geographic areas, and 10% of hospitals in each area were randomly chosen for inclusion. All patients with esophageal cancer, who underwent esophagectomy in these participating hospitals from January 1 to December 31, 2015, were included in the present study. The clinical characteristics, stage of tumor at diagnosis, operation summary and outcomes, and histological findings of patients were extracted and analyzed. Results The present study included 11,791 patients, and the average number of patients per hospital was 218. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common pathological type, while the mid-esophagus was the most common location. Open procedures were performed in 63.8% of patients, while minimally invasive esophagectomy was performed in 36.2% of patients. Multiple approaches to transthoracic esophagectomy were utilized. Two-field lymphadenectomy was the most frequently performed (64.8%), followed by three-field lymphadenectomy (21.8%). Gastric tubes, thoracic duct ligation and postoperative enteral nutrition were implemented to minimize complications. Conclusion The standard operative procedure and detailed technique for esophageal carcinoma surgery is presently being debated in China. This survey provides some basic information about the present state of esophageal cancer surgery countrywide.


2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Cools ◽  
Carolyn S. Quinsey ◽  
Scott W. Elton

OBJECTIVEThe choice of graft material for duraplasty in decompressions of Chiari malformations remains a matter of debate. The authors present a detailed technique for harvesting ligamenta nuchae, as well as the clinical and radiographic outcomes of this technique, in a case series.METHODSThe authors conducted a retrospective study evaluating the outcomes of Chiari malformation type I decompression and duraplasty in children aged 0–18 years at a single institution from 2013 to 2016. They collected both intraoperative and postoperative variables and compared them qualitatively to published data.RESULTSDuring the study period, the authors performed 25 Chiari malformation decompressions with ligamentum nuchae graft duraplasties. Of the 25 patients, 10 were females, and the mean age at surgery was 8.6 years (range 13 months to 18 years). The median operative time was 163 minutes (IQR 152–187 minutes), with approximately 10 minutes needed by a resident surgeon to harvest the graft. The mean length of stay was 3 nights (range 2–6 nights), and the mean follow-up was 12.6 months (range 0.5–43.5 months). One patient (4%) developed a CSF leak that was repaired using an oversewing patch. There were no postoperative pseudomeningoceles or infections. Of the 19 patients presenting with a syrinx, imaging showed improvement in 10 (53%) and 8 (42%) had stable syrinx size on imaging. Of 16 patients presenting with a symptomatic Chiari malformation, 14 (87.5%) experienced resolution of symptoms and in 1 (4%) symptoms remained the same. One patient (4%) presented with worsening syrinx and symptoms 1.5 months after initial surgery and underwent repeat decompression.CONCLUSIONSThe authors describe a series of clinical and imaging outcomes of patients who underwent Chiari malformation decompression and duraplasty with a harvested ligamentum nuchae. The rates of postoperative CSF leak are similar to established techniques of autologous and artificial grafts, with similarly successful outcomes. Further study will be needed with larger patient cohorts to more directly compare duraplasty graft outcomes.


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