Muslim Tombstones of Kamak (Turkestan Region) as a Historical and Archaeological Source

In 2013, an archaeological and ethnographic expedition of the Scientific Research Institute of Culture LLP explored the southern regions of Kazakhstan. The main priority was given to field research on the issues of archaeology, ethnography, culture and art of nomads. In the village of Karnak, Turkestan Region, unique tombstones were discovered, which are an integral component of the moral foundations of Muslim culture. Karnak necropolis is located in the northern part of the village of the same name and covers more than 3 hectares of area, the main part of which is occupied by modern memorial complexes of the 20th century. The researchers' interest was aroused by a part of the Karnak cemetery, where monuments of funerary and cult architecture of the late Middle Ages and modern times were located. The novelty of this study is associated with an attempt to clarify a number of provisions in the study of the funeral and cult architecture of South Kazakhstan. Many people believe that traditional burial and cult architecture has survived only in the western regions of the republic. Nevertheless, the Karnak memorial complex studied for the first time and the materials contained in it prove that an attempt to reconstruct the history of the tombstones, identify its origins, the factors that caused the formation of various attributes are still far from being solved. The study of burial and cult architecture in the context of Muslim archaeology makes it possible to solve a number of issues in the humanities dedicated to the memorial complex and folk craft, including the stone-cutting art of the southern regions of Kazakhstan.

STEP-NC-Compliant Implementation to Support Mixed-Control Technologies Applied to Stone-Processing Machines Based on Industrial Automation Standards

STEP-NC (Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data–Numerical Control) for metal milling and turning is not implemented by industrial computer numerical controllers. Solutions reported are prototypes based on post-processing in G-code. Moreover, minority machining processes, such as stone cutting, have not yet been contemplated in the STEP-NC standard. This article takes that sector as a use case. An extended STEP-NC model for circular saw stone-cutting operations is proposed, and a prototype automation implementation is developed to work with this extended model. This article shows how modern technological resources for coordinated axes control provided by many industrial controllers for the automation of general-purpose machines can speed up the processes of implementing STEP-NC numerical controllers. This article proposes a mixed and flexible approach for STEP-NC-based machine automation, where different strategies can coexist when it comes to executing STEP-NC machining files, so controllers do not need to implement the standard in an exhaustive way for all the possible features, but only at selected ones when convenient. This is demonstrated in a prototype implementation which is able to process STEP-NC product files with mixed-feature types: standard milling and non-standard sawblade features for stone processing.

Technological Trends in the Use of Natural Marble Residue in the Cement Portland Production from Prospecting in Patent Documents

The civil construction industry affects the environment mainly due to the high generation of waste and extraction of natural raw materials. However, this industry is also responsible for absorbing a large part of the waste, not only generated by itself, but also those generated in other production cycles. These residues are often reused as an alternative raw material, after some treatment. The use of ornamental stone cutting waste has already been studied by many authors, and it is a technically viable alternative in cement matrix products for civil construction. Thus, this technological prospection work analyzed the technological trends regarding the use of marble waste in cement production, based on the registration of patents in recent years. For this, a search was carried out in the Brazilian Nacional Institute of Intellectual Property (INPI) and Dewert Innovation Index (DII) databases, in April 2021, with no period limitation. The main documents were found in the DII database, and the results showed that among the countries that filed a patent on this subject, China is the country with the highest number of filings, with the majority of these filings occurring between 2014 and 2020, suggesting a reflection of the current interest in ways to give an adequate destination to ornamental stone waste.

Enhanced Simultaneous Photocatalytic Removal of SO2 and CO2 Using Powder and Coated Zeolites-Supported TiO2 Under Concentrated Sunlight Irradiation

Single-step process for simultaneous removal of gaseous pollutants is more advantageous than multi-steps one. In this study, the efficiency of a novel synthetic zeolite (Ze) prepared from stone cutting sludge and a natural zeolite (clinoptilolite, Cp) as the supports of TiO2 photocatalyst were examined for the separate and simultaneous removal of SO2 and CO2 under solar irradiation using a parabolic trough collector (PTC). The composites exhibited a higher efficiency than raw zeolites and TiO2 for the removal of both gases. The maximum removal of SO2 by TiO2-Ze and TiO2-Cp under sunlight was 41.9 % and 56.2 % that enhanced to 53.4 % and 78.8 %, respectively in the presence of CO2. Correspondingly, it was 61.8 % and 68.7 % for single CO2 removal that increased to 74.2 % and 79.0 % in the binary gas stream. This behavior could be due to the enhanced simultaneous SO2 oxidation and CO2 reduction. The performance of coated composite for SO2 was higher than of powder one (54.3% vs. 41.9%) and for CO2 removal was almost close together (58.9% vs. 61.2%). This work promises the application of photocatalytic co-removal of SO2 and CO2 by using synthetic and natural zeolite under solar irradiation.

Первый и единственный в России частный музей флорентийской мозаики Б. и Л. Ошкуковых

The article is devoted to the only private museum of Florentine mosaics in Russia by B. and L. Oshkukovs. The basis of its funds was the personal collection of the founders. It represents all the main forms of mosaics using: from easel decorative panels to inserts in jewelry. The museum's exposition reflects the achievements of all the major art centers of Florentine mosaics in Russia — the works of stone-cutting masters from Khabarovsk, Ufa, St. Petersburg, Moscow, etc. The greatest artistic value is represented by mosaic paintings made both according to well-known pictorial originals, and according to the authors’ sketches. The principal materials for such mosaics are jaspers and other types of hard stones. A separate group in the museum collection consists of mosaic panels made according to the projects of B.L. Oshkukov, inspired by the works of masters of the Russian Avant-garde. On the basis of an interdisciplinary approach, including an art history, cultural and mineralogical analysis of the works of stone-cutting art, the author identifies the features of the main regional centers and kinds of Florentine mosaics. Статья посвящена единственному в России частному музею флорентийской мозаики Б. и Л. Ошкуковых. В основу данного собрания была положена личная коллекция основателей, в которой представлены все основные формы использования мозаик: от станкового декоративного панно до вставок в ювелирные украшения. В экспозиции музея отражены достижения всех основных художественных центров флорентийской мозаики в России — работы мастеров-камнерезов Хабаровска, Уфы, Санкт-Петербурга, Москвы и других городов. Наибольшую художественную ценность представляют мозаичные картины, выполненные как по общеизвестным живописным оригиналам, так и по авторским эскизам из яшм и других видов твердых камней. Отдельную группу в музейном собрании составляют мозаичные панно, выполненные по проектам Б.Л. Ошкукова, вдохновленного работами мастеров русского авангарда. На основе междисциплинарного подхода, включающего искусствоведческий, культурологический и минералогический анализ произведений камнерезного искусства, автор выделяет особенности основных региональных центров и форм флорентийской мозаики.

Pulmonary Function Impairment among Stone Cutting Workers in North Gujarat

Background: Pulmonary problems are a major cause of morbidity & mortality all over the world. It has been found that lung functions are mostly affected in workers exposed to affect majorly in granite, marble, various other rocks and sand dust exposed workers. Objective:The primary objective of the study was to find out the prevalence of pulmonary function impairment among stone cutting workers at various construction sites in North Gujarat and the secondary objective was to find the effectiveness of Physiotherapy measures among those workers. Methods: A total of 408 male stone cutting worker participated in this study around various construction sites in the vicinity of North Gujarat from September to December 2019. After assessing pulmonary function tests, workers with impairment were treated with Deep breathing exercise and advice personal protective measures like face masks, cession of smoking and water spraying before cutting. Results: The data was collected from all the stone cutting workers. The average age was 31.43 ± 9.18 years and the average duration of work experience as stone cutter was 12.32± 6.11. A total of 50.24 % participant complaints of chronic cough, 10.29% of chest pain and 31.61% of participants reported wheezes. Data Analysis showed after 3 months of Physiotherapeutic intervention there was significant difference in FEV1 FVC and FEV1/FVC. Conclusion:The present study shows that there was a high prevalence of pulmonary functions impairment among stone cutting worker in North Gujarat and Physiotherapy measures can be used as an adjacent to minimize this problem. Key words: Stone cutting workers, Pulmonary Function impairment, Pulmonary Function test, North Gujarat.

Peningkatan Skill Productivity Bagi Pengrajin Batu Piring di Desa Sukowiryo Kecamatan Jelbuk Kabupaten Jember

Plate stone handicraft products are one of the leading commodities and also potential for Sukowiryo Village, Jelbuk District, Jember Regency. Apart from being a superior commodity and village potential, plate stone handicraft products are also an export commodity. However, most of the plate stone handicraft production process in Sukowiryo Village still uses simple tools and manual processes. Therefore, the production process takes a longer time and the quality of the production is not standardized. The purpose of this PPK service activity is to provide real solutions to problems in the production process that connect by partners so that partners can increase skill productivity so that partners can carry out efficiency and can increase their production. The results of the KDP service activities were; 1) provide assistance to increase Skill Productivity by providing assistance with plate stone cutting machines according to partner needs. Build sewer and air reservoirs, and increase the partner's electric power to operate the plate stone cutting machine. 2) Partners can make time efficiency in the production process. 3) Partners can increase their productivity, 4) Partners can add 1 type of product diversification. 5) Carry out monitoring and evaluation after the program is implemented