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2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Tinashe CHUCHU ◽  
◽  
Eugine Tafadzwa MAZIRIRI ◽  
Tarisai Fritz RUKUNI ◽  
◽  
...  

The Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), like no other pandemic has taken the world by storm, affecting all and any spheres of life. This effect has also impacted global sporting events such as the 2020 Summer Olympics that were scheduled for the 24th of July 2020 to the 9th of July 2020 in Tokyo, Japan. Historically, the Summer Olympics have been cancelled 3 times due to war but the postponement that occurred in 2020 is unprecedented. The socio-economic implications are still yet to be fully explored and realised. The purpose of this research is to therefore examine the impact of COVID-19 on the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics. The study will adopt a systematic literature review of material on the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to sporting events and statistical inferences will be conducted based on publicly accessible secondary data sources. Considering that the pandemic is still an ongoing phenomenon the findings and analysis cannot be conclusive, a snapshot based on current data and scientific predictions will be provided on what COVID-19 meant to global sporting events. A broad analysis of the pandemic’s impact on sport will be provided despite the focus being on the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics. Last, this study serves as a template for further research on COVID-19’s impact on sporting events in general, preferably studies conducted post the pandemic for reflection purposes based on more conclusive data.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1067
Author(s):  
Simon Feys ◽  
Maria Panagiota Almyroudi ◽  
Reinout Braspenning ◽  
Katrien Lagrou ◽  
Isabel Spriet ◽  
...  

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is a severe fungal infection complicating critically ill COVID-19 patients. Numerous retrospective and prospective studies have been performed to get a better grasp on this lethal co-infection. We performed a qualitative review and summarized data from 48 studies in which 7047 patients had been included, of whom 820 had CAPA. The pooled incidence of proven, probable or putative CAPA was 15.1% among 2953 ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients included in 18 prospective studies. Incidences showed great variability due to multiple factors such as discrepancies in the rate and depth of the fungal work-up. The pathophysiology and risk factors for CAPA are ill-defined, but therapy with corticosteroids and anti-interleukin-6 therapy potentially confer the biggest risk. Sampling for mycological work-up using bronchoscopy is the cornerstone for diagnosis, as imaging is often aspecific. CAPA is associated with an increased mortality, but we do not have conclusive data whether therapy contributes to an increased survival in these patients. We conclude our review with a comparison between influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) and CAPA.


Hematology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 696-703
Author(s):  
Hyojeong Han ◽  
Lisa Hensch ◽  
Venée N. Tubman

Abstract The transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) is a crucial treatment for sickle cell disease (SCD). While often beneficial, the frequent use of transfusions is associated with numerous complications. Transfusions should be offered with specific guidelines in mind. Here we present updates to the indications for transfusion of RBCs in SCD. We review recent publications and include expert perspectives from hematology and transfusion medicine. For some clinical indications, such as ischemic stroke, the role of transfusion has been well studied and can be applied almost universally. For many other clinical scenarios, the use of transfusion therapy has less conclusive data and therefore must be tailored to individual needs. We highlight the roles of RBC transfusions in preventing or mitigating neurological disease, in reducing perioperative complications, in managing acute chest syndrome, and in optimizing pregnancy outcomes in SCD. We further highlight various transfusion techniques and when each might be considered. Potential complications of transfusion are also briefly discussed.


MD-Onco ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
M. M. Davydov ◽  
P. A. Zeynalova ◽  
A. A. Fedenko ◽  
D. A. Chekiny ◽  
E. K. Ibragimov ◽  
...  

Per the majority of authors, melanoma is the most common tumor diagnosed during pregnancy (31 % of all malignant neoplasms). In approximately 1/3 of women melanoma developed in child-bearing age is diagnosed during pregnancy or in the postpartum period. However, only some retrospective studies analyzed the effect of pregnancy on melanoma development, and conclusive data on development, progression and treatment of BRAF-mutant melanoma is lacking. In this subpopulation of patients, BRAF status supposedly can negatively affect disease outcome irrespective of treatment methods.The article presents a clinical case of recurrence of melanoma with the BRAF V600E mutation during pregnancy. The patient underwent lymph node dissection during pregnancy prolongation, after labor she received antitumor drug therapy with МЕК and ВRAF inhibitors. Melanoma recurrence during pregnancy did not worsen treatment outcomes for the mother and embryo.


2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Awadhesh Kumar Singh ◽  
Kamlesh Khunti

The prevalence of diabetes in people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has varied worldwide. Most of the available evidence suggests a significant increase in severity and mortality of COVID-19 in people with either type 1 (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in association with poor glycemic control. While new-onset hyperglycemia and new-onset diabetes (both T1DM and T2DM) have been increasingly recognized in the context of COVID-19 and have been associated with worse outcome, no conclusive evidence yet suggests direct tropism of SARS-CoV-2 on the β cells of pancreatic islets. While all approved oral antidiabetic agents appear to be safe in people with T2DM having COVID-19, no conclusive data are yet available to indicate a mortality benefit with any class of these drugs, in the absence of large randomized controlled trials. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soham Chatterjee ◽  
Smrajit Maiti ◽  
Amrita Bannerjee ◽  
Mehak Kanwar

Abstract SARS-Cov-2 or COVID-19 has caused a global disaster and catastrophe which has consequently led to a pandemic for the last two decades, the world has faced coronaviruses similar to SARS-Cov-2 such as SARS-Cov and Mers-Cov. In this study, a wide range of proteins such as Plpro (Papain like Protease), Rdrp (RNA-Dependent-RNA-Polymerase), Mpro or 3cl Protease and Spike Protein. The selected proteins were listed retrieved from RCSB PDB(https://www.rcsb.org/) And Zhang lab (https://www.zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/COVID-19/) with their corresponding and respective PDB-ID. The 3d Structures or 2D Structures of these molecules were selected on the sole basis of resolved resolution (in Å)of the structures during the X-ray crystallography and Electron Microscopy. Structures were retrieved in .pdb format. The three dimensional ligand molecules were retrieved from PubChem chemical structure In Spatial Data Base (.SDF) format. The respective ligand molecules are; Hesperidin, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Epigallocatechin. This molecular docking shows significant data of polyphenols, flavonoids and bioflavonoids inhibiting SARS-Cov-2 proteins which could lead to conclusive data for treatment of polyphenols, flavonoids and bioflavonoids against SARS-Cov-2.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Kouhpayeh

Introduction: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute fetal illness the case fatality rate (CFR), which without treatment is between 26% to more than 80%. Despite the administration of ribavirin as a specific antiviral drug for the treatment of CCHF from many years ago, its clinical efficacy is still controversial. Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of ribavirin, favipiravir, and other treatment options for CCHF, including steroids, immunoglobulin, etc. Method: This systematic review included 31 articles, three factsheet from WHO, CDC, and ECDC, two editorial letters, and two textbooks from 2002 to 2020. The following databases were searched: Google Scholar, PubMed, Medscape, Cochrane, WHO, CDC, and ECDC. Results: The selected results of the above articles were concentrated on the different options of supportive treatment, including steroids, immunoglobulin, etc., as well as the efficacy of antiviral drugs, especially ribavirin and favipiravir. While some studies confirmed the clinical efficacy of ribavirin in the treatment of CCHF, some other studies did not confirm its efficacy. All studies justified that supportive therapies are the mainstay of treatment. Conclusions: The cornerstone of therapy of CCHF is supportive treatment. The clinical efficacy of ribavirin for CCHF treatment is questionable, and further randomized case-control clinical trials are required to confirm and recommend it for CCHF treatment. Also, other treatment strategies, including administration of steroids, immunoglobulin, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) require more conclusive data. The promising antiviral drug for CCHF treatment is favipiravir.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Reese ◽  
Ben Coleman ◽  
Lauren Chan ◽  
Tiffany J Callahan ◽  
Luca Cappelletti ◽  
...  

BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to reduce pain, fever, and inflammation but have been associated with complications in community acquired pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Conclusive data are not available about potential beneficial or adverse effects of COX inhibitors on COVID-19 patients. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, multi-center observational study by leveraging the harmonized, high-granularity electronic health record data of the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C). Potential associations of eight COX inhibitors with COVID-19 severity were assessed using ordinal logistic regression (OLR) on treatment with the medication in question after matching by treatment propensity as predicted by age, race, ethnicity, gender, smoking status, comorbidities, and BMI. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to estimate the correlation of medication use with morbidity for eight subcohorts defined by common indications for COX inhibitors. RESULTS OLR revealed statistically significant associations between use of any of five COX inhibitors and increased severity of COVID-19. For instance, the odds ratio of aspirin use in the osteoarthritis cohort (n=2266 patients) was 3.25 (95% CI 2.76 - 3.83). Aspirin and acetaminophen were associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS The association between use of COX inhibitors and COVID-19 severity was consistent across five COX inhibitors and multiple indication subcohorts. Our results align with earlier reports associating NSAID use with complications in RTI patients. Further research is needed to characterize the precise risk of individual COX inhibitors in COVID-19 patients.


Author(s):  
Zbigniew Putowski ◽  
Anna Szczepańska ◽  
Marcelina Czok ◽  
Łukasz J. Krzych

The recent development in extracorporeal life support (ECLS) has created new therapeutic opportunities for critically ill patients. An interest in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), the pinnacle of ECLS techniques, has recently increased, as for the last decade, we have observed improvements in the survival of patients suffering from severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) while on ECMO. Although there is a paucity of conclusive data from clinical research regarding extracorporeal oxygenation in COVID-19 patients, the pathophysiology of the disease makes veno-venous ECMO a promising option.


2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jorge Miranda-Galbe ◽  
Francisco Cabezuelo-Lorenzo ◽  
Ismael López-Medel

Transmedia storytelling has been widely researched as a new topic in the last decade. The transmedia field includes many publications exploring the topic from different perspectives, but it lacks a standard methodology that allows the measurement of different case studies under a unified pattern. This research suggests a model for transmedia ecosystems that will allow researchers to study them in-depth. Authors suggest a potential configuration based on a simplified image of the transmedia universe, in which projects are divided into well-differentiated narrative systems, allowing the obtention of precise details on their basic functioning. This paper provides an original methodology able to observe the transmedia universes from different perspectives. To test the validity of the paradigm, the model has applied to the case study of the Spanish-fiction product, The Ministry of Time (El Ministerio del Tiempo, in the original language), because of the multiplicity of content renders its study as highly efficient. Thus, we encounter a new transmedia universe that allows precise measurement and the obtention of conclusive data. The positive results confirm that the new methodological approach meets the initial expectations. At the same time, it offers the possibility of obtaining much more information than the one the limited space of this article allows to explain, which opens the door to new lines of research in the future.


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