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2022 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Natalie Sumetsky ◽  
Jessica Frankeberger ◽  
Robert W. S. Coulter ◽  
Jessica G. Burke ◽  
M. Reuel Friedman ◽  
...  

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Madhurima Das ◽  
Maria Yang

Abstract Designers routinely create informal “thinking” sketches to explore a design space, “talking” sketches to communicate design ideas during the early phases of the design process, and “learning” prototypes to test potential concepts. This study presents two new tools to assess novice designers' sketch attributes and prototyping reflections in the context of an introductory design course. First, it proposes a rubric for assessing the quality of early stage design sketches including line smoothness, proportion, and understandability. Of particular note is the contribution of assessing understandability as a metric for sketches as communication tools. This study also presents a tool to capture designer reflections after each iteration of a prototype. Not only does this record what is learned about a design, but also personal and emotional reactions to the process. Sketching-related results show a positive correlation between sketch quality and understandability, indicating the importance of sketch quality especially when designers use sketches to communicate. Results also indicate that early stage sketch quantity, but not quality, is linked with design outcomes. The study also finds a link between frequency of sketching and higher maximum sketch quality scores (i.e. at least one excellent sketch) as well as a correlation between individuals' maximum sketch quality scores and overall design outcomes. Preliminary results around prototyping indicate that reflection on both the technical and emotional aspects of prototyping may be a worthwhile area of further study. Finally, several results point to novice designers' lack of consistent focus on users in their prototyping reflections and presentations.


2022 ◽  
pp. 001112872110617
Author(s):  
Kathleen Powell ◽  
Jordan M. Hyatt ◽  
Nathan W. Link

This mixed-method study examined changes implemented in Pennsylvania community corrections agencies during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. We surveyed ( N = 54; 83% response rate) and interviewed ( N = 10) county Chiefs of probation and parole regarding changes to agency policies, processes of this change, and expected sustainability. Findings revealed meaningful changes to community corrections policy initiated by the pandemic through new modes of supervision contact —such as “ curbside probation”— and new policies regarding violations of supervision that align with evidence-based principles. The moment’s urgency provided a rare but effective impetus for reform, but perceptions of sustainability varied across Chiefs’ role orientations. Our findings demonstrate how this moment expanded the footprint of evidence-based practice through local criminal justice reform and reveal new insights into capacities for and processes of change.


2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Jose Merlin ◽  
Xiaogang Li

Nanoparticles (NPs) are differing in particle size, charge, shape, and compatibility of targeting ligands, which are linked to improved pharmacologic characteristics, targetability, and bioavailability. Researchers are now tasked with developing a solution for enhanced renal treatment that is free of side effects and delivers the medicine to the active spot. A growing number of nano-based medication delivery devices are being used to treat renal disorders. Kidney disease management and treatment are currently causing a substantial global burden. Renal problems are multistep processes involving the accumulation of a wide range of molecular and genetic alterations that have been related to a variety of kidney diseases. Renal filtration is a key channel for drug elimination in the kidney, as well as a burgeoning topic of nanomedicine. Although the use of nanotechnology in the treatment of renal illnesses is still in its early phases, it offers a lot of potentials. In this review, we summarized the properties of the kidney and characteristics of drug delivery systems, which affect a drug’s ability should focus on the kidney and highlight the possibilities, problems, and opportunities.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
THEODORE MODIS

Instabilities associated with population growth can be simulated by putting the logistic growth curve in a discrete form. In contrast to the usual derivation of chaos, which can only explain instabilities at the top of the curve, this method can also account for fluctuations during the early phases of the niche-filling process. Precursors, a steep initial rise, and final instabilities can all be interrelated. Industrial examples are given of logistic growth alternating with periods of chaotic fluctuations.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navin Kumar ◽  
Isabel Corpus ◽  
Meher Hans ◽  
Nikhil Harle ◽  
Nan Yang ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Open online forums like Reddit provide an opportunity to quantitatively examine COVID-19 vaccine perceptions early in the vaccine timeline. We examine COVID-19 misinformation on Reddit following vaccine scientific announcements, in the initial phases of the vaccine timeline. Methods: We collected all posts on Reddit from January 1 2020 - December 14 2020 (n=266,840) that contained both COVID-19 and vaccine-related keywords. We used topic modeling to understand changes in word prevalence within topics after the release of vaccine trial data. Social network analysis was also conducted to determine the relationship between Reddit communities (subreddits) that shared COVID-19 vaccine posts, and the movement of posts between subreddits. Results: There was an association between a Pfizer press release reporting 90\% efficacy and increased discussion on vaccine misinformation. We observed an association between Johnson and Johnson temporarily halting its vaccine trials and reduced misinformation. We found that information skeptical of vaccination was first posted in a subreddit (r/Coronavirus) which favored accurate information and then reposted in subreddits associated with antivaccine beliefs and conspiracy theories (e.g. conspiracy, NoNewNormal). Conclusions: Our findings can inform the development of interventions where individuals determine the accuracy of vaccine information, and communications campaigns to improve COVID-19 vaccine perceptions, early in the vaccine timeline. Such efforts can increase individual- and population-level awareness of accurate and scientifically sound information regarding vaccines and thereby improve attitudes about vaccines, especially in the early phases of vaccine roll-out. Further research is needed to understand how social media can contribute to COVID-19 vaccination services.


2022 ◽  
pp. 417-438
Author(s):  
Silvia Pelucchi ◽  
Fabrizio Gardoni ◽  
Monica Di Luca ◽  
Elena Marcello

2022 ◽  
pp. 105690
Author(s):  
Zehranaz Dönmez ◽  
Serkan Turhan ◽  
Özlem Karsu ◽  
Bahar Y. Kara ◽  
Oya Karaşan

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Manriquez Roa ◽  
Felicitas Holzer ◽  
Florencia Luna ◽  
Nikola Biller-Andorno

Objectives: We face the impossibility of having enough COVID-19 vaccines for everyone in the near future. This study aims to contribute to the debate on equitable global access to COVID-19 vaccines, tackling key ethical discussions and policy challenges regarding early phases of COVAX, the global cooperation mechanism for supporting fair vaccine allocation.Methods: We conducted in-depth interviews with twelve experts and a literature research on academic articles, media sources and public statements. We built a data analysis matrix and conducted a thematic analysis.Results: Our findings show, first, that interviewed experts who hold different views on vaccine allocation, including moderate nationalist perspectives, agree on joining a global cooperation mechanism. Second, incentives to join COVAX vary greatly among countries. Third, specific barriers to COVAX emerged in the early implementation phase. And fourth, countries might be trapped in a zero-sum game regarding the global vaccine supply.Conclusion: We present findings that enrich analyses of early phases of COVAX (April 2020–21), we introduce three ethical discussions that provide a common ground for equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines, and we highlight policy challenges.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Maltas ◽  
Kevin B Wood

As traditional antimicrobial therapies fail at escalating rates, recent focus has shifted to evolution-based therapies to slow resistance. Collateral sensitivity-the increased susceptibility to one drug associated with evolved resistance to a different drug-offers a potentially exploitable evolutionary constraint, but the manner in which collateral effects emerge over time is not well understood. Here, we use laboratory evolution in the opportunistic pathogen E. faecalis to phenotypically characterize collateral profiles through evolutionary time. Specifically, we measure collateral profiles for 400 strain-antibiotic combinations over the course of 4 evolutionary time points as strains are selected in increasing concentrations of antibiotic. We find that collateral resistance dominates during early phases of adaptation, whereas a diverse set of collateral profiles are accessible with further selection. Using simple numerical simulations, we illustrate how these temporally dynamic profiles potentially impact sequential drug therapies. Finally, we show experimentally how dynamic collateral sensitivity relationships can create optimal dosing windows that depend on finely timed switching between drugs.


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