minimal evidence
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2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shasha Zhu ◽  
Ning Zhou ◽  
Ning Ding ◽  
Shanshan Li ◽  
Xiaoxing Liu ◽  
...  

In this study, Kaiso was discovered to be a unique member of the POZ-zinc fingers family of transcription factors, which has been implicated in the genesis and progression of cancer. Although there is still some debate, Kaiso is believed to be implicated in the development of human cancer. It should be noted that there is minimal evidence available on the therapeutic relevance of nuclear Kaiso in lung cancer in humans. Histone or DNA modifications that control gene activity outside of the underlying sequence are examples of epigenetic alternations. Epigenetic alterations are heritable but reversible. Human illness, such as lung cancer, is often related to epigenetic dysregulation. In preclinical and clinical studies, epigenetic-targeted therapy has shown significant therapeutic promise for solid tumours and has been used in the treatment of haematological malignancies using different medicines targeting epigenetic regulators. It is important to note that the abnormal activities of Kaiso enzymes in tumour growth are summarised below and the development of inhibitors or medicines targeting epigenetic enzyme regulation is highlighted.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Schram ◽  
Elisa Canetti ◽  
Rob Orr ◽  
Rodney Pope

Abstract Background: Female soldiers form an integral part of any modern defence force. Previous reports have highlighted that female soldiers report injuries at higher rates than male personnel. One possible reason for this is an actual difference in underlying injury rates, purported to be due to several factors, including levels of fitness. The aim of this review was to determine risk factors for injuries in female soldiers. Methods: A systematic search was conducted for studies which reported on risk factors for injuries in female soldiers. Databases searched included PUBMED, CINAHL and Medline through OVID. Eligible studies were rated for their methodological quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) tools and data were extracted and synthesized using a critical narrative approach. Results: A total of 18 articles were included in this review which reported on 18 risk factors for injury. Smoking, previous injury, no history of deployment, heavy occupational tasks, lower levels of aerobic fitness and lower number of push-up repetitions appear to be risk factors for injuries in female soldiers. Age, height, body fat, high or low BMI and body mass do not appear to be consistent risk factors for injury in female soldiers and there appears to be minimal evidence for current levels of activity, sit-up ability, and other assessments of strength, power, speed, or movement being associated with injury risk. Additionally, neither flexibility nor previous levels of activity appear to be associated with injury risk in female soldiers. Conclusion: Strategies to improve aerobic fitness and upper limb endurance, reduce smoking, and optimise rehabilitation from injuries and risk management for heavy occupational tasks need to be developed for female soldiers. Such strategies are also likely to reduce risks for male soldiers.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shir Dekel ◽  
Micah Goldwater ◽  
Dan Lovallo ◽  
Bruce Burns

Aggregating the risk of a series of decisions reduces the overall risk compared to when each decision is considered individually—the logic behind diversified investment strategies. Most experimental research on a series of risky decisions provides participants with immediate feedback for each individual choice before presenting the subsequent gamble—a task-structure that inhibits the possibility of risk aggregation. In real-life business decisions, feedback is usually not seen until a significant delay with many more business decisions made in the interim. This decision-making sequence has the potential for systematic risk aggregation. However, it is unclear how people determine what decisions cluster together such that those decisions’ risks become aggregated. In the current work, we presented experimental participants a series of scenarios describing potential investments and investigated multiple ways to support clustering or bracketing choices together. We found that showing a distribution of outcome probabilities without inter-trial feedback reduced risk aversion. Further, we found mixed evidence for an effect of similarity of projects, and found only minimal evidence that viewing projects together and awareness of the number of projects encourages aggregation. These results suggest that risk aggregation is hard to facilitate, at least in laypeople, without first aggregating the options for them.


2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 489-492
Author(s):  
Brittany R. Block ◽  
Sarah G. Albanese ◽  
Anne L. Hume

Objective: To identify the dietary supplements most commonly promoted online for brain health and to compare their major ingredients over 18 months. Mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease are increasing globally with few effective treatments available. Dietary supplements are widely promoted in the media and online for brain health and memory improvement despite minimal evidence of an actual effect. Methods: Incognito mode on Google Chrome was used to conduct four separate searches using the terms: memory supplement, brain health supplement, Alzheimer’s supplement, and dementia supplement. The four separate searches for products were conducted through CVS, Walgreens, Walmart, GNC, Amazon, Yahoo, and Google. For each website, the top 10 supplement products and their ingredients were documented in August 2017 and again in January 2019. Results: Of the four terms used, “memory supplement” and “brain health supplement” provided the most results. The most common products were Prevagen®, Procera®, and Neuro Health®. Amazon had the most repeated products in 2017 and 2019, while Google and CVS had the least. Focus Factor® appeared 11 times in 2019 compared with once in 2017. At both time points, the most commonly promoted products were proprietary blends of Ginkgo biloba, vitamins, particularly vitamin B12 and folic acid, huperzine-A, Bacopa monnieri, and phosphatidylserine. Conclusions: Though the 2017 and 2019 datasets showed diverse products, the primary ingredients were similar. These supplements have insufficient evidence of efficacy and are expensive. Health professionals must be knowledgeable about dietary supplements for brain health to appropriately counsel individuals.


Eos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terri Cook

New research finds that Arctic rivers currently transport limited permafrost-derived dissolved organic carbon, which has implications for understanding the region’s changing carbon cycle—and its potential to accelerate climate change.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasha Tetzlaff ◽  
Jinelle Sperry ◽  
Bruce Kingsburg ◽  
Brett DeGregorio

Raising captive animals past critical mortality stages for eventual release (head-starting) is a common conservation tactic. Counterintuitively, post-release survival can be low. Post-release behavior affecting survival could be influenced by captive-rearing duration and housing conditions. Practitioners have adopted environmental enrichment to promote natural behaviors during head-starting such as raising animals in naturalistic enclosures. Using 32 captive-born turtles (Terrapene carolina), half of which were raised in enriched enclosures, we employed a factorial design to explore how enrichment and rearing duration affected post-release growth, behavior, and survival. Six turtles in each treatment (enriched or unenriched) were head-started for nine months (cohort one). Ten turtles in each treatment were head-started for 21 months (cohort two). At the conclusion of captive-rearing, turtles in cohort two were overall larger than cohort one, but unenriched turtles were generally larger than enriched turtles within each cohort. Once released, enriched turtles grew faster than unenriched turtles in cohort two, but we otherwise found minimal evidence suggesting enrichment affected post-release survival or behavior. Our findings suggest attaining larger body sizes from longer captive-rearing periods to enable greater movement and alleviate susceptibility to predation (the primary cause of death) could be more effective than environmental enrichment alone in chelonian head-starting programs where substantial predation could hinder success.


Author(s):  
Nhamo Mashavira ◽  
Crispen Chipunza

Background: Literature is replete with evidence on the impact of managerial competencies on firm performance. Yet, there is minimal evidence on how managerial conceptual competencies in particular, affect the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Zimbabwe.Aim: The current study was meant to find the impact of managerial conceptual competencies on the performance of SMEs in Zimbabwe’s Harare Province.Setting: The under-exploration of the relationship between managerial conceptual competencies and SME performance, in an economy that at present is highly informalised, provides a platform for further exploration of this phenomenon.Methods: The study adopted a purely quantitative approach that employed a structured direct survey design.Results: The study established that owners and/or managers had reasonable levels of conceptual competencies and that SMEs performed fairly well in terms of both innovation and return on investment (ROI). It was found out that statistically significant relationships existed between managerial conceptual competencies and SME performance when measured by innovation and ROI.Conclusion: In view of the results, it can be concluded that the performance of SMEs in terms of innovation and ROI can be influenced, to some extent, by owner and/or managers’ conceptual competencies.


Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Setareh Salehi Omran ◽  
Adam Hartman ◽  
Neil A. Zakai ◽  
Babak B. Navi

Thrombophilia testing is frequently performed after an ischemic stroke, particularly when cryptogenic. However, there is minimal evidence supporting a significant association between most conditions assessed through thrombophilia testing and ischemic stroke, and the rationale for thrombophilia testing in many clinical situations remains uncertain. In this topical review, we review and contextualize the existing data on the risks, predictors, and outcomes of thrombophilic conditions in patients with ischemic stroke. We report that inherited thrombophilias have an uncertain relationship with ischemic stroke. Conversely, antiphospholipid syndrome, an acquired immune-mediated thrombophilia, seems to be a strong risk factor for arterial thromboembolic events, including ischemic stroke, and especially among young patients. Our findings suggest that certain circumstances may warrant targeted thrombophilia testing, such as stroke in the young, cryptogenic stroke, and high estrogen states. Future prospective studies should investigate the utility and cost effectiveness of thrombophilia testing in various stroke settings, including among patients with patent foramen ovale; as well as the optimal secondary stroke prevention regimen in patients with confirmed thrombophilia, particularly if no other potential stroke mechanism is identified.


BJS Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
O Spence ◽  
V Proctor ◽  
A Sayers ◽  
S Green ◽  
F Burns ◽  
...  

Abstract Introduction There is minimal evidence to guide the emergency management of groin and abdominal wall hernia. The aim of this project is to understand current variations in clinical practice across the UK when managing common types of acutely symptomatic hernia. Methods A survey of clinical practice was developed to explore the management of acutely symptomatic abdominal wall hernia (ASH) including groin (GH), umbilical (UH), and incisional hernia (IH). The survey captured respondent characteristics. It explored preferences in the management of each type of ASH, including factors related to treatment and repair strategy. Surgeons at ST3+ level with a UK practice were invited to participate through Twitter and collaborative networks. Results In total, 144 responses were received (response rate 26%). Of these, 62 (43.1%) were Consultant Surgeons, 105 (72.9%) did not have a specialist hernia practice, and 95 (66%) did not follow specific guidelines for emergency hernia repair. There was variation in investigations used e.g. CT required for IH (91%) but less for GH (34.7%) and UH (47.2%). Open repair was preferred in all settings. For GH with ischaemic bowel 76 (52.8%) would suture repair vs. 67 (46.5%) who would use a mesh (64.2% permanent synthetic) this is similar for IH, where 59 (41%) chose suture vs. 71 (49.3%) mesh, although 61.9% favoured biologic mesh for IH. Suture repair was preferred for UH with ischaemic bowel (69.4%). Conclusion The survey demonstrates variation in treatment of ASH. Areas which require further exploration include use of mesh and laparoscopy in the emergency setting.


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